A net version of dominated convergence?
There simply is no version of dominated convergence which holds for nets, not even if all the functions involved are continuous and compactly supported.
Here's a cautionary example on the unit interval which you can modify to concoct all sorts of counterexamples:
Let $\Lambda$ be the set of finite subsets of $[0,1]$ ordered by inclusion. For each $\lambda \in \Lambda$ choose a continuous function $f_{\lambda}: [0,1] \to [0,1]$ such that $f_{\lambda}(x) = 1$ for all $x \in \lambda$ and $\int f_{\lambda} \leq \frac{1}{2}$. Then $f_{\lambda} \to 1$ everywhere on $[0,1]$, while $\frac{1}{2} \leq \int (1 - f_{\lambda}) \nrightarrow 0$…
In particular, (possible failure of) measurability of the limit is not really the issue.
That said, try the following approach instead (as suggested by KCd):
Show that for $g \in C_c(G)$ the map $y \mapsto g_y$ (where $g_{y}(x) = g(xy^{-1})$) is uniformly continuous as a map $G \to C_c(G)$ where the latter is equipped with the sup-norm. More precisely: for every $\varepsilon \gt 0$ there is a neighborhood $U$ of the identity such that $\lVert g_y - g\rVert_{\infty} \lt \varepsilon$ for all $y \in U$.
If $g \in C_{c}(G)$ then there is a compact set $K$ outside of which $g$ vanishes. Take a symmetric compact neighborhood $K'$ of the identity. Then $KK'$ is compact and thus has finite Haar measure. Apply 1. to find a compact neighborhood of the identity with $C \subset K'$ such that $\lVert g_y - g\rVert_\infty \leq \varepsilon/ \mu(KK')$ for all $y \in C$. Note that $g_{y} - g$ vanishes outside $KK'$ so that $$ \lVert g_y - g\rVert_1 = \int \lvert g_y - g\rvert \leq \int_{KK'} \lVert g_y - g\rVert_\infty \leq \varepsilon \quad \text{for all }y \in C. $$
Now use that $C_{c}(G)$ is dense in $L^1(G)$. Given $\varepsilon \gt 0$ choose $g \in C_c(G)$ such that $\lVert f-g\rVert_1 \lt \varepsilon$, and note that invariance of Haar measure gives $\lVert f_y - g_y\rVert_1 \lt \varepsilon$. Choose $C$ for $g$ and $\varepsilon \gt 0$ as in point 2.
For every net $y_\lambda \to 1$ in $G$ we have $y_{\lambda} \in C$ eventually so that $$ \lVert f_{y_\lambda} - f\rVert_1 \leq \lVert f_{y_\lambda} - g_{y_\lambda}\rVert_1 + \lVert g_{y_\lambda} - g\rVert_1 + \lVert g-f\rVert \lt 3\varepsilon $$ and we conclude that $y \mapsto f_y$ is (uniformly) continuous for all $f \in L^1(G)$.
Generalize to $L^p(G)$ for $1 \leq p \lt \infty$.
Added: To see that the action of $G$ on $L^\infty(G) = L^1(G)^\ast$ is not strongly continuous, consider $G = S^1$ and let $I = [0,t]$ with $t$ be a non-trivial interval. Then the characteristic function $f$ of $I$ has the property that $\lVert gf - f\rVert_\infty = 1$ whenever $g \neq 1$. In particular, for $g_n \to 1 \in G$ we can't have $g_n f \to f$. In fact, it is essentially the definition of right uniform continuity of $f$ that $\lVert gf - f\rVert_\infty \to 0$ whenever $g \to 0$ in $G$.
Here is a nice theorem that might interest you ("Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics: Functional analysis", Volume 1, Michael Reed, Barry Simon):
Let $\mu$ be a regular Borel measure on a compact Hausdorff space $X$. Let $(f_\alpha)$ be an increasing net of continuous functions. Then $f=\lim_\alpha f_\alpha \in L^1(X,\mu )$ if and only if $\sup_\alpha \| f_\alpha \|_1 < \infty$, and in this case $\lim_\alpha \| f-f_\alpha\|_1 = 0$.