A question on the prime divisors of p-1

Your guess that $s(n)$ gets large if $\omega(n)$ is large is not correct.
It is possible for $n$ to have many primes, and for $s(n)$ still to be small.

This can be seen from some of the work in your question. As you note $s(n) =\sum_{d|n} \phi(d) a_d$ where $a_d =\sum_{p\equiv 1\pmod d} p^{-2} \ll 1/d^2$. Therefore $$ s(n) \ll \sum_{d|n} \frac{1}{d} \le \prod_{p|n} \Big(1-\frac 1p\Big)^{-1}. $$ If now every prime factor of $n$ exceeds $\log n$, then (since $\omega(n) \le \log n$ trivially) we have $$ s(n) \ll \Big(1-\frac{1}{\log n} \Big)^{-\log n} \ll 1. $$

Thus $n$ can have about $\log n/\log \log n$ prime factors, all larger than $\log n$ and still $s(n)$ would be $\ll 1$.

Are you just trying to show $s(n)$ is unbounded? and do you insist on a non-trivial technique? Let $n=m!$; then $s(n)>\sum_{p\lt m}{p-1\over p^2}=\sum_{p\lt m}{1\over p}+O(1)$ and of course the sum diverges.

A few more ideas: using the Chebyshev upper bound, by partial summation we have
$\sum_{p>y}p^{-2}=O(\frac{1}{y \log y})$ and therefore we see that $s(n)=\sum_{p \leq \frac{n}{\log n}}\frac{(p-1,n)}{p^2}+O(1)$. Furthermore, by the equality $\sum_{p \leq x}p^{-1}=\log \log x +A +(\frac{1}{\log x})$ we get $$s(n)=\sum_{p \leq n^{1/3}}\frac{(p-1,n)}{p^2}+O(1),$$ and one can make this more accurate.

There is something in the expression $s(n)=\sum_{d|n}\phi(d)a_d$ that is linked to Linnik's constant (or the Elliot-Halberstam Conjecture). In particular, using $a_d=\sum_{p=1(\operatorname{mod} d), p>y} p^{-2} \leq d^{-2}\sum_{m>y/d}m^{-2}$, one can deduce that $$s(n)=\sum_{d|n}\phi(d) a'(d)+O(1),$$ where $$a'(d)=\sum_{p \leq d \log d {\log \log d}^2,\, p \equiv 1(\operatorname{mod} d)}\frac{1}{p^2}.$$ That seems to suggest that if $n$ is such that $s(n)$ is large, then for many divisors $d|n$ there might be many primes $p \equiv 1 (\operatorname{mod} d)$ in the interval $[d,d \log d {\log \log d}^{2}]$ and conversely, but I haven't been able to establish a clear connection between these two facts. To this end, we may compute the mean values $\sum_{n \leq x} s^{2k}(n), k \geq 0$, which is quite straightforward. Does all this set-up remind you of anything I could look up?