Actions on Sⁿ with quotient Sⁿ

Your question translates into the language of orbifolds as saying: what is known about spherical $n$-orbifolds with underlying space homeomorphic to $S^n$?

In $S^2$, the examples you give are all there are.

Orbifolds with the geometry of $S^3$ were enumerated by William Dunbar in his thesis. His published paper MR1118824 contains the enumeration of the 21 oriented $S^3$-orbifolds which do not have a circle fibration over a 2-orbifold. The equivalence relation here is up to orientation preserving isometry; if you allow orientation reversing isometry then the list is cut down somewhat. Each of the 21 has underlying space homeomorphic to $S^3$. At the end of Dunbar's paper you will see that exactly 8 of the 21 are orientable double covers of Coxeter group quotients, with the corresponding Dynkin diagrams listed out explicitly. That leaves 13 examples as you ask for in $S^3$.

I think I have completely answered the question in the following form:

Theorem. For a finite subgroup $\Gamma < O(n)$ the quotient space $S^{n-1}/\Gamma$ is homeomorphic to $S^{n-1}$ if and only if $\Gamma$ has the form \begin{eqnarray*} \Gamma = \Gamma_{ps} \times P_1 \times \ldots \times P_k \end{eqnarray*} for a pseudoreflection group $\Gamma_{ps}$ and Poincaré groups $P_i<SO(4)$, $i=1,\ldots,k$, such that the factors act in pairwise orthogonal spaces and such that $n>5$ if $k=1$.

cf. http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.4875.

Here, a pseudoreflection group is understood in the sense of Mikhailova and a Poincaré $P$ group comes from the binary icosahedral group in $SU(2)$, i.e. $S^3/P$ is Poincaré's homology sphere.

In the following article of M.A.Mikhailova (М.А. Михайлова)

Изв. АН СССР. Сер. матем., 48:1 (1984)

О ФАКТОРПРОСТРАНСТВЕ ПО ДЕЙСТВИЮ КОНЕЧНОЙ ГРУППЫ, ПОРОЖДЕННОЙ ПСЕВДООТРАЖЕНИЯМИ.

http://www.mathnet.ru/links/33220b8c84645bec685e85bf17d65994/im1420.pdf

it is proven:

Theorem. The quotient $\mathbb R^n/G$ by a linear action of a finite group $G$ is homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^n$ if and only if $G$ is generated by pseudo-reflections (i.e, rotations of $\mathbb R^n$ that fix a subspace of codimension 2).

The proof relies on a complete classification of finite groups generated by pseudo-reflections (there is a reference to this classification at the end of the article)

(there should be of course an English translation of this article, but I can not find it now).