Algorithm Challenge: Generate Continued Fractions for a float
The C program is fine, apart from the fact that you cannot trust the check on the remainder, as can be seen from computing x*p-q as well:
Iteration #1: 3: 3/1 - delta: 0.141592653589793116, rem: 0.141592653589793116
Iteration #2: 7: 22/7 - delta: -0.008851424871448188, rem: 0.062513305931051878
Iteration #3: 15: 333/106 - delta: 0.008821280518070296, rem: 0.996594406684156776
Iteration #4: 1: 355/113 - delta: -0.000030144353377892, rem: 0.003417231014946418
Iteration #5: 292: 103993/33102 - delta: 0.000019129331725765, rem: 0.634590879621879211
Iteration #6: 1: 104348/33215 - delta: -0.000011015021655680, rem: 0.575818424298580694
Iteration #7: 1: 208341/66317 - delta: 0.000008114310077190, rem: 0.736658567704091524
Iteration #8: 1: 312689/99532 - delta: -0.000002900711592702, rem: 0.357480987585133375
Iteration #9: 2: 833719/265381 - delta: 0.000002312886920208, rem: 0.797351564778957706
Iteration #10: 1: 1146408/364913 - delta: -0.000000587824615650, rem: 0.254151925163927682
Iteration #11: 3: 4272943/1360120 - delta: 0.000000549413016415, rem: 0.934654436927838420
Iteration #12: 1: 5419351/1725033 - delta: -0.000000038411599235, rem: 0.069914142051204637
Iteration #13: 14: 80143857/25510582 - delta: 0.000000011648808140, rem: 0.303257833981669641
Iteration #14: 3: 245850922/78256779 - delta: -0.000000003463355824, rem: 0.297524047014214316
Iteration #15: 3: 817696623/260280919 - delta: 0.000000001280568540, rem: 0.361072861287829440
Iteration #16: 2: 1881244168/598818617 - delta: -0.000000000931322575, rem: 0.769524124392304913
Iteration #17: 1: 2698940791/859099536 - delta: 0.000000000232830644, rem: 0.299504418772708979
Iteration #18: 3: 9978066541/3176117225 - delta: 0.000000000000000000, rem: 0.338848902789946401 ******* 'true' deviation below epsilon threshold
[Since you asked for this as an answer rather than a comment.]
For any real number, the convergents p[k]/q[k] of its continued fraction are always best rational approximations, but they aren't all the best rational approximations. To get all of them, you also have to take the semi-convergents/mediants — fractions of the form (p[k]+n*p[k+1])/(q[k]+n*q[k+1]) for some integer n≥1. Taking n=a[k+2] gives p[k+2]/q[k+2], and the integers n to take are those from either floor(a[k+2]/2) or ceiling(a[k+2]/2), to a[k+2]. This is also mentioned on Wikipedia.
Approximating π
The continued fraction for π is [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 14, 2…] (sequence A001203 in OEIS), the sequence of convergents is 3/1, 22/7, 333/106, 355/113, 103993/33102… (A002485/A002486), and the sequence of best approximations is 3/1, 13/4, 16/5, 19/6, 22/7, 179/57… (A063674/A063673).
So the algorithm says that the best approximations of π = [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1,…] are
3/1 = [3]
13/4 = [3; 4]
16/5 = [3; 5]
19/6 = [3; 6]
22/7 = [3; 7]
179/57 = [3; 7, 8]
201/64 = [3; 7, 9]
223/71 = [3; 7, 10]
245/78 = [3; 7, 11]
267/85 = [3; 7, 12]
289/92 = [3; 7, 13]
311/99 = [3; 7, 14]
333/106 = [3; 7, 15]
355/113 = [3; 7, 15, 1]
52163/16604 = [3; 7, 15, 1, 146]
52518/16717 = [3; 7, 15, 1, 147]
… (all the fractions from [3; 7, 15, 1, 148] to [3; 7, 15, 1, 291])…
103993/33102 = [3; 7, 15, 1, 292]
104348/33215 = [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1]
...
Program
Here's a C program that given a positive real number, generates its continued fraction, its convergents, and the sequence of best rational approximations. The function find_cf finds the continued fraction (putting the terms in a[] and the convergents in p[] and q[] — excuse the global variables), and the function all_best prints all the best rational approximations.
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
// number of terms in continued fraction.
// 15 is the max without precision errors for M_PI
#define MAX 15
#define eps 1e-9
long p[MAX], q[MAX], a[MAX], len;
void find_cf(double x) {
int i;
//The first two convergents are 0/1 and 1/0
p[0] = 0; q[0] = 1;
p[1] = 1; q[1] = 0;
//The rest of the convergents (and continued fraction)
for(i=2; i<MAX; ++i) {
a[i] = lrint(floor(x));
p[i] = a[i]*p[i-1] + p[i-2];
q[i] = a[i]*q[i-1] + q[i-2];
printf("%ld: %ld/%ld\n", a[i], p[i], q[i]);
len = i;
if(fabs(x-a[i])<eps) return;
x = 1.0/(x - a[i]);
}
}
void all_best(double x) {
find_cf(x); printf("\n");
int i, n; long cp, cq;
for(i=2; i<len; ++i) {
//Test n = a[i+1]/2. Enough to test only when a[i+1] is even, actually...
n = a[i+1]/2; cp = n*p[i]+p[i-1]; cq = n*q[i]+q[i-1];
if(fabs(x-(double)cp/cq) < fabs(x-(double)p[i]/q[i]))
printf("%ld/%ld, ", cp, cq);
//And print all the rest, no need to test
for(n = (a[i+1]+2)/2; n<=a[i+1]; ++n) {
printf("%ld/%ld, ", n*p[i]+p[i-1], n*q[i]+q[i-1]);
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
double x;
if(argc==1) { x = M_PI; } else { sscanf(argv[1], "%lf", &x); }
assert(x>0); printf("%.15lf\n\n", x);
all_best(x); printf("\n");
return 0;
}
Examples
For π, here's the output of this program, in about 0.003 seconds (i.e., it's truly better than looping through all possible denominators!), line-wrapped for readability:
% ./a.out
3.141592653589793
3: 3/1
7: 22/7
15: 333/106
1: 355/113
292: 103993/33102
1: 104348/33215
1: 208341/66317
1: 312689/99532
2: 833719/265381
1: 1146408/364913
3: 4272943/1360120
1: 5419351/1725033
14: 80143857/25510582
13/4, 16/5, 19/6, 22/7, 179/57, 201/64, 223/71, 245/78, 267/85, 289/92, 311/99,
333/106, 355/113, 52163/16604, 52518/16717, 52873/16830, 53228/16943, 53583/17056,
53938/17169, 54293/17282, 54648/17395, 55003/17508, 55358/17621, 55713/17734,
56068/17847, 56423/17960, 56778/18073, 57133/18186, 57488/18299, 57843/18412,
58198/18525, 58553/18638, 58908/18751, 59263/18864, 59618/18977, 59973/19090,
60328/19203, 60683/19316, 61038/19429, 61393/19542, 61748/19655, 62103/19768,
62458/19881, 62813/19994, 63168/20107, 63523/20220, 63878/20333, 64233/20446,
64588/20559, 64943/20672, 65298/20785, 65653/20898, 66008/21011, 66363/21124,
66718/21237, 67073/21350, 67428/21463, 67783/21576, 68138/21689, 68493/21802,
68848/21915, 69203/22028, 69558/22141, 69913/22254, 70268/22367, 70623/22480,
70978/22593, 71333/22706, 71688/22819, 72043/22932, 72398/23045, 72753/23158,
73108/23271, 73463/23384, 73818/23497, 74173/23610, 74528/23723, 74883/23836,
75238/23949, 75593/24062, 75948/24175, 76303/24288, 76658/24401, 77013/24514,
77368/24627, 77723/24740, 78078/24853, 78433/24966, 78788/25079, 79143/25192,
79498/25305, 79853/25418, 80208/25531, 80563/25644, 80918/25757, 81273/25870,
81628/25983, 81983/26096, 82338/26209, 82693/26322, 83048/26435, 83403/26548,
83758/26661, 84113/26774, 84468/26887, 84823/27000, 85178/27113, 85533/27226,
85888/27339, 86243/27452, 86598/27565, 86953/27678, 87308/27791, 87663/27904,
88018/28017, 88373/28130, 88728/28243, 89083/28356, 89438/28469, 89793/28582,
90148/28695, 90503/28808, 90858/28921, 91213/29034, 91568/29147, 91923/29260,
92278/29373, 92633/29486, 92988/29599, 93343/29712, 93698/29825, 94053/29938,
94408/30051, 94763/30164, 95118/30277, 95473/30390, 95828/30503, 96183/30616,
96538/30729, 96893/30842, 97248/30955, 97603/31068, 97958/31181, 98313/31294,
98668/31407, 99023/31520, 99378/31633, 99733/31746, 100088/31859, 100443/31972,
100798/32085, 101153/32198, 101508/32311, 101863/32424, 102218/32537, 102573/32650,
102928/32763, 103283/32876, 103638/32989, 103993/33102, 104348/33215, 208341/66317,
312689/99532, 833719/265381, 1146408/364913, 3126535/995207,
4272943/1360120, 5419351/1725033, 42208400/13435351, 47627751/15160384,
53047102/16885417, 58466453/18610450, 63885804/20335483, 69305155/22060516,
74724506/23785549, 80143857/25510582,
All these terms are correct, though if you increase MAX you start getting errors because of precision. I'm myself impressed with how many terms you get with only 13 convergents. (As you can see, there's a small bug where it sometimes doesn't print the very first "n/1" approximation, or prints it incorrectly — I leave it for you to fix!)
You can try with √2, whose continued fraction is [1; 2, 2, 2, 2…]:
% ./a.out 1.41421356237309504880
1.414213562373095
1: 1/1
2: 3/2
2: 7/5
2: 17/12
2: 41/29
2: 99/70
2: 239/169
2: 577/408
2: 1393/985
2: 3363/2378
2: 8119/5741
2: 19601/13860
2: 47321/33461
3/2, 4/3, 7/5, 17/12, 24/17, 41/29, 99/70, 140/99, 239/169, 577/408, 816/577, 1393/985, 3363/2378, 4756/3363, 8119/5741, 19601/13860, 47321/33461,
Or the golden ratio φ = (1+√5)/2 whose continued fraction is [1; 1, 1, 1, …]:
% ./a.out 1.61803398874989484820
1.618033988749895
1: 1/1
1: 2/1
1: 3/2
1: 5/3
1: 8/5
1: 13/8
1: 21/13
1: 34/21
1: 55/34
1: 89/55
1: 144/89
1: 233/144
1: 377/233
2/1, 3/2, 5/3, 8/5, 13/8, 21/13, 34/21, 55/34, 89/55, 144/89, 233/144, 377/233,
(See the Fibonacci numbers? Here the convergents are all the approximants.)
Or with rational numbers like 4/3 = [1; 3]:
% ./a.out 1.33333333333333333333
1.333333333333333
1: 1/1
3: 4/3
3/2, 4/3,
or 14/11 = [1; 3, 1, 2]:
% ./a.out 1.27272727272727272727
1.272727272727273
1: 1/1
3: 4/3
1: 5/4
2: 14/11
3/2, 4/3, 5/4, 9/7, 14/11,
Enjoy!