All Docker container statuses?

From their docs

One of created, restarting, running, removing, paused, exited, or dead

In my experience, immediately on starting a container, it's created, then shortly after it's running, then when it exits with a zero or non-zero exit code, it's exited.

The logic by which the status summary is generated can be found in the Docker source code, in the file container/states.go, l. 41ff.. Basically, you'll get one of the following:

• Up 1 day (paused)
• Restarting (123) 1 day ago
• Up 1 day
• Removal in Progress
• Dead
• Created
• Exited (123) 1 day ago
• (empty string)

In order to get a machine-readable output, I'd suggest using the /containers/:id/json endpoint, which will return a data structure like the following:

"State": {
    "Dead": false, 
    "Error": "", 
    "ExitCode": 0, 
    "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z", 
    "OOMKilled": false, 
    "Paused": false, 
    "Pid": 2593, 
    "Restarting": false, 
    "Running": true, 
    "StartedAt": "2015-12-26T19:22:38.616937722Z", 
    "Status": "running"
}