Are there any workarounds for the 1 HP bug?

The 1HP bug is a result of the servers malfunctioning and not responding to events fast enough (probably as a result of latency and/or server overloads on Niantic's end).

As this is a serverside problem, there is no way for a Trainer to patch and/or otherwise work around the problem at hand.

I would suggest filing a "High Priority" bug report to Niantic through the Settings menu. However, I believe that they are plenty aware of this bug and are attempting to fix it currently.