Bash: Filter lines by matching to number range

With single GNU awk program (since Gawk v4.0):

awk 'NR==FNR{ a[$1][$2]; next }
     $1 in a{ 
         for (i in a[$1]) 
             if (i >= $2 && i <= $3) { print $0; break }
     }' test db

The output:

1   6408    8000
2   44839   50247