Book recommendations - Topological Insulators for dummies

I think the clear answer is A Short Course on Topological Insulators. There's both a textbook and an arXiv version. I think it's notable for assuming the absolute minimum knowledge and building up from there. It teaches the adiabatic theorem, Berry phase, Chern number, etc all from scratch. It is also notable in being the only textbook on the subject I've seen that doesn't use the second-quantization formalism. The only background necessary is that you understand quantum mechanics, and have seen tight-binding models before.

I did not start too long ago, but when I did, I used the following resources in the given order. I used the chapters about adiabatic evolution and Berry phase in Griffith's book (they are very short!), then used both this website 2 and this review 3 hand-in-hand for a basic exposition of topological insulators (maybe the section about the Kene-Mele model might be overkill for a very basic overview). These two reads gave me the basic idea, but I still had trouble thinking of things in the bigger picture physically. Then I started working through the book by Shun-Quin 4, along with other lecture slides from the internet (like 5, which has great figures and was written by Haldane, a pioneer in the area). Perhaps, if you are willing to spend the time, starting with Shun-Qing's book might be better for a comprehensive understanding; it starts with most things like Dirac dispersion relations that most other materials take for granted, and helped me fit topological insulators into the general context within the Hall effect.

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 2nd edition, by Griffiths
2. Topology in Condensed Matter website
3. An Introduction to Topological Insulators, by Fruchart and Carpentier
4. Topological Insulators — Dirac Equation in Condensed Matters, by Shun-Qing Shen
5. Topology and geometry on condensed matter physics, by Haldane
6. A Short Course in Topological Insulators, by Asbóth, Oroszlány, and Pályi

Hope this helps!

A more mathematical approach aimed at physicists (and to really understand topological insulators, you do need quite advanced mathematics) is the book by Emil Prodan and Hermann Schulz-Baldes titled “Bulk and Boundary Invariants for Complex Topological Insulators: From K-Theory to Physics”. Strictly speaking, they only cover two of the 10 Altland-Zirnbauer classes, but they do explain and later define what K-theory is, how to derive and understand bulk-boundary correspondences and so forth. They also give a good account of the state of the art at the time of writing (circa 2015) when it comes to experiments.

Prodan also collaborates with experimentalists, so in my mind much of the book is written in a style that is amenable to physicists.