Bring up but don't assign address with Netplan

Edit, mid-2019: The bug that caused this has been fixed.

With this bug fix, it is now possible to have an interface brought up without an address by adding it with an empty configuration: {}.

Using the example from the question, doing this with enp10s0f1 would look like this:

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    enp10s0f0:
      dhcp4: yes
    enp10s0f1: {}

Original answer:

This is in fact a bug in Netplan: bug #1728134, bug #1763608. One of the netplan devs has acknowledged the latter, but it's not clear whether or not a fix will be provided.

One workaround would be to manually create a systemd unit to bring the interface up. Create a file /etc/systemd/system/manual-iface.service with the following contents:

[Unit]
Description=Service to bring up/down unconfigured nic enp10s0f1
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=oneshot
RemainAfterExit=yes
ExecStart=/sbin/ip link set enp10s0f1 up
ExecStop=/sbin/ip link set enp10s0f1 down

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Then, enable it to run at boot:

sudo systemctl enable manual-iface.service

And you're good to go. You should see enp10s0f1 comes up automatically next time you boot.

Alternatively, if you don't want to do that, reverting to ifupdown is still an option, as the question states. Fallback is described here. To summarize, install ifupdown, and then you can do the configuration using the traditional /etc/network/interfaces (which is well-documented across the web).