C++ catching dangling reference

I think this is not possible to catch all these, although some compilers may give warnings in some cases.

It's as well to remember that references are really pointers under the hood, and many of the shoot-self-in-foot scenarios possible with pointers are still possible..

To clarify what I mean about "pointers under the hood", take the following two classes. One uses references, the other pointers.

class Ref
{
  int &ref;
public:
  Ref(int &r) : ref(r) {};
  int get() { return ref; };
};

class Ptr
{
  int *ptr;
public:
  Ptr(int *p) : ptr(p) {};
  int get() { return *ptr; };
};

Now, compare at the generated code for the two.

@@Ref@$bctr$qri proc    near  // Ref::Ref(int &ref)
    push      ebp
    mov       ebp,esp
    mov       eax,dword ptr [ebp+8]
    mov       edx,dword ptr [ebp+12]
    mov       dword ptr [eax],edx
    pop       ebp
    ret 

@@Ptr@$bctr$qpi proc    near  // Ptr::Ptr(int *ptr)
    push      ebp
    mov       ebp,esp
    mov       eax,dword ptr [ebp+8]
    mov       edx,dword ptr [ebp+12]
    mov       dword ptr [eax],edx
    pop       ebp
    ret 

@@Ref@get$qv    proc    near // int Ref:get()
    push      ebp
    mov       ebp,esp
    mov       eax,dword ptr [ebp+8]
    mov       eax,dword ptr [eax]
    mov       eax,dword ptr [eax]
    pop       ebp
    ret 

@@Ptr@get$qv    proc    near // int Ptr::get()
    push      ebp
    mov       ebp,esp
    mov       eax,dword ptr [ebp+8]
    mov       eax,dword ptr [eax]
    mov       eax,dword ptr [eax]
    pop       ebp
    ret 

Spot the difference? There isn't any.

There are runtime based solutions which instrument the code to check invalid pointer accesses. I've only used mudflap so far (which is integrated in GCC since version 4.0). mudflap tries to track each pointer (and reference) in the code and checks each access if the pointer/reference actually points to an alive object of its base type. Here is an example:

#include <stdio.h>
struct S {
    S(int & value): value_(value) {}
    int & value_;
};

S function() {
    int value = 0;
    return S(value);   // implicitly returning reference to local value
}
int main()
{
    S x=function();
    printf("%s\n",x.value_); //<-oh noes!
}

Compile this with mudflap enabled:

g++ -fmudflap s.cc -lmudflap

and running gives:

$ ./a.out
*******
mudflap violation 1 (check/read): time=1279282951.939061 ptr=0x7fff141aeb8c size=4
pc=0x7f53f4047391 location=`s.cc:14:24 (main)'
      /opt/gcc-4.5.0/lib64/libmudflap.so.0(__mf_check+0x41) [0x7f53f4047391]
      ./a.out(main+0x7f) [0x400c06]
      /lib64/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xfd) [0x7f53f358aa7d]
Nearby object 1: checked region begins 332B before and ends 329B before
mudflap object 0x703430: name=`argv[]'
bounds=[0x7fff141aecd8,0x7fff141aece7] size=16 area=static check=0r/0w liveness=0
alloc time=1279282951.939012 pc=0x7f53f4046791
Nearby object 2: checked region begins 348B before and ends 345B before
mudflap object 0x708530: name=`environ[]'
bounds=[0x7fff141aece8,0x7fff141af03f] size=856 area=static check=0r/0w liveness=0
alloc time=1279282951.939049 pc=0x7f53f4046791
Nearby object 3: checked region begins 0B into and ends 3B into
mudflap dead object 0x7089e0: name=`s.cc:8:9 (function) int value'
bounds=[0x7fff141aeb8c,0x7fff141aeb8f] size=4 area=stack check=0r/0w liveness=0
alloc time=1279282951.939053 pc=0x7f53f4046791
dealloc time=1279282951.939059 pc=0x7f53f4046346
number of nearby objects: 3
Segmentation fault

A couple of points to consider:

1. mudflap can be fine tuned in what exactly it should check and do. read http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Mudflap_Pointer_Debugging for details.
2. The default behaviour is to raise a SIGSEGV on a violation, this means you can find the violation in your debugger.
3. mudflap can be a bitch, in particular when your are interacting with libraries that are not compiled with mudflap support.
4. It wont't bark on the place where the dangling reference is created (return S(value)), only when the reference is dereferenced. If you need this, then you'll need a static analysis tool.

P.S. one thing to consider was, to add a NON-PORTABLE check to the copy constructor of S(), which asserts that value_ is not bound to an integer with a shorter life span (for example, if *this is located on an "older" slot of the stack that the integer it is bound to). This is higly-machine specific and possibly tricky to get right of course, but should be OK as long it's only for debugging.