C# Which is the fastest way to take a screen shot?

For those who come to this thread, I came to this solution :

using SharpDX;
using SharpDX.Direct3D11;
using SharpDX.DXGI;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

You will need the package SharpDX and SharpDX.Direct3D11

public class ScreenStateLogger
{
    private byte[] _previousScreen;
    private bool _run, _init;

    public int Size { get; private set; }
    public ScreenStateLogger()
    {

    }

    public void Start()
    {
        _run = true;
        var factory = new Factory1();
        //Get first adapter
        var adapter = factory.GetAdapter1(0);
        //Get device from adapter
        var device = new SharpDX.Direct3D11.Device(adapter);
        //Get front buffer of the adapter
        var output = adapter.GetOutput(0);
        var output1 = output.QueryInterface<Output1>();

        // Width/Height of desktop to capture
        int width = output.Description.DesktopBounds.Right;
        int height = output.Description.DesktopBounds.Bottom;

        // Create Staging texture CPU-accessible
        var textureDesc = new Texture2DDescription
        {
            CpuAccessFlags = CpuAccessFlags.Read,
            BindFlags = BindFlags.None,
            Format = Format.B8G8R8A8_UNorm,
            Width = width,
            Height = height,
            OptionFlags = ResourceOptionFlags.None,
            MipLevels = 1,
            ArraySize = 1,
            SampleDescription = { Count = 1, Quality = 0 },
            Usage = ResourceUsage.Staging
        };
        var screenTexture = new Texture2D(device, textureDesc);

        Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
        {
            // Duplicate the output
            using (var duplicatedOutput = output1.DuplicateOutput(device))
            {
                while (_run)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        SharpDX.DXGI.Resource screenResource;
                        OutputDuplicateFrameInformation duplicateFrameInformation;

                        // Try to get duplicated frame within given time is ms
                        duplicatedOutput.AcquireNextFrame(5, out duplicateFrameInformation, out screenResource);

                        // copy resource into memory that can be accessed by the CPU
                        using (var screenTexture2D = screenResource.QueryInterface<Texture2D>())
                            device.ImmediateContext.CopyResource(screenTexture2D, screenTexture);

                        // Get the desktop capture texture
                        var mapSource = device.ImmediateContext.MapSubresource(screenTexture, 0, MapMode.Read, SharpDX.Direct3D11.MapFlags.None);

                        // Create Drawing.Bitmap
                        using (var bitmap = new Bitmap(width, height, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb))
                        {
                            var boundsRect = new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height);

                            // Copy pixels from screen capture Texture to GDI bitmap
                            var mapDest = bitmap.LockBits(boundsRect, ImageLockMode.WriteOnly, bitmap.PixelFormat);
                            var sourcePtr = mapSource.DataPointer;
                            var destPtr = mapDest.Scan0;
                            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
                            {
                                // Copy a single line 
                                Utilities.CopyMemory(destPtr, sourcePtr, width * 4);

                                // Advance pointers
                                sourcePtr = IntPtr.Add(sourcePtr, mapSource.RowPitch);
                                destPtr = IntPtr.Add(destPtr, mapDest.Stride);
                            }

                            // Release source and dest locks
                            bitmap.UnlockBits(mapDest);
                            device.ImmediateContext.UnmapSubresource(screenTexture, 0);

                            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
                            {
                                bitmap.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Bmp);
                                ScreenRefreshed?.Invoke(this, ms.ToArray());
                                _init = true;
                            }
                        }
                        screenResource.Dispose();
                        duplicatedOutput.ReleaseFrame();
                    }
                    catch (SharpDXException e)
                    {
                        if (e.ResultCode.Code != SharpDX.DXGI.ResultCode.WaitTimeout.Result.Code)
                        {
                            Trace.TraceError(e.Message);
                            Trace.TraceError(e.StackTrace);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        });
        while (!_init) ;
    }

    public void Stop()
    {
        _run = false;
    }

    public EventHandler<byte[]> ScreenRefreshed;
}

This code will get as fast as possible the frames from the front buffer of the graphic device and retrieve the byte[] from the bitmap it creates. The code seems to be stable in memory and processor usage (GPU and CPU).

usage :

var screenStateLogger = new ScreenStateLogger();
screenStateLogger.ScreenRefreshed += (sender, data) =>
{
    //New frame in data
};
screenStateLogger.Start();

This is very similar to a question asked several years ago: Here. That question was whether directx's capturing abilities could be used to get better performance.

The consensus was that it probably wouldn't provide any performance increase, TightVNC does it very quickly by cheating. It uses a driver that doesn't have to use the API that (presumably) .NET is using.

At some point I recall looking at the source code for Camstudio and I believe they use directx's capturing capabilities. I don't think you can push that much past 30 fps, and most of the time not even that. I'm not sure if that is a problem with the hooks camstudio uses to figure out when something has changed or the actual capture mechanism.