Can a GraphQL input type inherit from another type or interface?

It's doable using a custom directive.

Code Summary

const typeDefs = gql`
  directive @inherits(type: String!) on OBJECT

  type Car {
    manufacturer: String
    color: String
  }
  
  type Tesla @inherits(type: "Car") {
    manufacturer: String
    papa: String
    model: String
  }
  
  type Query {
    tesla: Tesla
  }
`;

const resolvers = {
    Query: {
        tesla: () => ({ model: 'S' }),
    },
    Car: {
        manufacturer: () => 'Ford',
        color: () => 'Orange',
    },
    Tesla: {
        manufacturer: () => 'Tesla, Inc',
        papa: () => 'Elon',
    },
};

class InheritsDirective extends SchemaDirectiveVisitor {
    visitObject(type) {
        const fields = type.getFields();
        const baseType = this.schema.getTypeMap()[this.args.type];
        Object.entries(baseType.getFields()).forEach(([name, field]) => {
            if (fields[name] === undefined) {
                fields[name] = { ...field };
            }
        });
    }
}

const schemaDirectives = {
    inherits: InheritsDirective,
};

Query:

query {
  tesla {
    manufacturer
    papa
    color
    model
  }
}

Output:

{
  "data": {
    "tesla": {
      "manufacturer": "Tesla, Inc",
      "papa": "Elon",
      "color": "Orange",
      "model": "S",
    }
  }
}

Working example at https://github.com/jeanbmar/graphql-inherits.

Starting with the June2018 stable version of the GraphQL spec, an Input Object type can extend another Input Object type:

Input object type extensions are used to represent an input object type which has been extended from some original input object type.

This isn't inheritance per se; you can only extend the base type, not create new types based on it:

extend input MyInput {
  NewField: String
}

Note there is no name for the new type; the existing MyInput type is extended.

The JavaScript reference implementation has implemented Input Object extensions in GraphQL.js v14 (June 2018), though it's unclear how to actually pass the extended input fields to a query without getting an error.

For actual type inheritance, see the graphql-s2s library.

No, the spec does not allow input types to implement interfaces. And GraphQL type system in general does not define any form of inheritance (the extends keyword adds fields to an existing type, and isn't for inheritance). The spec is intentionally constrained to stay simple. This means that you're stuck repeating fields across input types.

That said, depending on the way you construct your schema, you could build some kind of type transformer that appends the common fields programmatically based on some meta-data, e.g. a directive.

Better yet, you might be able to solve your problem via composition (always keep composition over inheritance in mind). E.g.

input Name {
  firstName: String
  lastName: String
}

input UserInput {
  name: Name
  password: String!
}

input UserChangesInput {
  name: Name
  id: ID!
  password: String
}

The client now has to send an object a level deeper, but that doesn't sound like much of a price for avoiding big repeating chunks. It might actually be good for the client as well, as they can now have common logic for building names, regardless of the query/mutation using them.

In this example, where it's only 2 simple fields, this approach is an overkill, but in general - I'd say it's the way to go.