Can Klocwork (or other tools) be aware of types, typedefs and #define directives?

You can use Clang (http://clang.llvm.org) or even Elsa (https://github.com/dsw/oink-stack/) for generating an AST after a type propagation and templates instantiation. Both are providing a decent C++ API and some means for dumping an AST into a readable text. And both options are free.