Can named arguments be used with Python enums?

While you can't use named arguments the way you describe with enums, you can get a similar effect with a namedtuple mixin:

from collections import namedtuple
from enum import Enum

Body = namedtuple("Body", ["mass", "radius"])

class Planet(Body, Enum):

    MERCURY = Body(mass=3.303e+23, radius=2.4397e6)
    VENUS   = Body(mass=4.869e+24, radius=6.0518e6)
    EARTH   = Body(mass=5.976e+24, radius=3.3972e6)
    # ... etc.

... which to my mind is cleaner, since you don't have to write an __init__ method.

Example use:

>>> Planet.MERCURY
<Planet.MERCURY: Body(mass=3.303e+23, radius=2439700.0)>
>>> Planet.EARTH.mass
5.976e+24
>>> Planet.VENUS.radius
6051800.0

Note that, as per the docs, "mix-in types must appear before Enum itself in the sequence of bases".

For Python 3.6.1+ the typing.NamedTuple can be used, which also allows for setting default values, which leads to prettier code. The example by @shao.lo then looks like this:

from enum import Enum
from typing import NamedTuple


class Body(NamedTuple):
    mass: float
    radius: float
    moons: int=0


class Planet(Body, Enum):
    MERCURY = Body(mass=3.303e+23, radius=2.4397e6)
    VENUS   = Body(mass=4.869e+24, radius=6.0518e6)
    EARTH   = Body(5.976e+24, 3.3972e6, moons=1)

This also supports pickling. The typing.Any can be used if you don't want to specify the type.

Credit to @monk-time, who's answer here inspired this solution.

The accepted answer by @zero-piraeus can be slightly extended to allow default arguments as well. This is very handy when you have a large enum with most entries having the same value for an element.

class Body(namedtuple('Body', "mass radius moons")):
    def __new__(cls, mass, radius, moons=0):
        return super().__new__(cls, mass, radius, moons)
    def __getnewargs__(self):
        return (self.mass, self.radius, self.moons)

class Planet(Body, Enum):

    MERCURY = Body(mass=3.303e+23, radius=2.4397e6)
    VENUS   = Body(mass=4.869e+24, radius=6.0518e6)
    EARTH   = Body(5.976e+24, 3.3972e6, moons=1)

Beware pickling will not work without the __getnewargs__.

class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.planet = Planet.EARTH  # pickle error in deepcopy

from copy import deepcopy

f1 = Foo()
f2 = deepcopy(f1)  # pickle error here