can polynomial functions with rational coefficients approximate any continuous function on $[a,b]$.

For sure it is true. For two polynomials $P_n,P_n^\prime$of the same degree $n$ with coefficients $p_0, \dots p_n$ and $p_0^\prime, \dots , p_n^\prime$ respectively, you have $$\Vert P_n -P_n^\prime\Vert_\infty =\sup\limits_{t \in [a,b]} \vert P_n(t)-P_n^\prime(t)\vert \le c \left(\sup\limits_{1\le i\le n}\vert p_i -p_i^\prime\vert\right)$$

with $c=\sup\limits_{t \in [a,b]} \sum_{k=0}^n \vert t \vert^k$.

Hence if you have a real polynomial $P_n$ at a distance less than $\epsilon/2$ of $f$, you can find a polynomial of same degree with rational coefficients $P_n^\prime$ at a distance less then $\epsilon/2$ of $P_n$. And you can conclude with triangular inequality.

Yes.

Observe:

if

$p(x) \in \Bbb R[x], \tag 1$

then given any $\epsilon$ there exists a polynomial

$q(x) \in \Bbb Q[x] \tag 2$

such that

$\vert p(x) - q(x) \vert < \epsilon, \; x \in [a, b]; \tag 3$

for, writing

$p(x) = \displaystyle \sum_0^n p_i x^i, \; p_i \in \Bbb R, \tag 4$

and

$q(x) = \displaystyle \sum_0^n q_i x^i, \; q_i \in \Bbb R, \tag 5$

then, assuming $a \ne b$,

$\vert p(x) - q(x) \vert = \vert \displaystyle \sum_0^n p_i x^i - \sum_0^n q_i x^i \vert \le \sum_0^n \vert p_i - q_i \vert \vert x \vert^i \le \sum_0^n \vert p_i - q_i \vert (\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i; \tag 6$

given $p_i$, $0 \le i \le n$, we may choose $q_i$ such that

$\vert p_i - q_i \vert < \dfrac{\epsilon}{(n + 1)(\max_{0 \le i \le n}(\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i)}; \tag 7$

then

$\vert p(x) - q(x) \vert \le \displaystyle \sum_0^n \vert p_i - q_i \vert (\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i$ $< \displaystyle \sum_0^n \dfrac{\epsilon(\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i)}{(n + 1)(\max_{0 \le i \le n}(\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i)}$ $\le \dfrac{\epsilon(\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i)}{(\max_{0 \le i \le n}(\max(\vert a \vert, \vert b \vert))^i)} \le \epsilon. \tag 8$

It follows that for every $\epsilon > 0$ and any $p(x)$ as in (1), there exists $q(x)$ as in (2) with $\vert p(x) - q(x) \vert < \epsilon$ on $[a, b]$. Now replacing $\epsilon$ with $\epsilon / 2$ and choosing $p(x) \in \Bbb R[x]$ such that

$\vert f(x) - p(x) \vert < \dfrac{\epsilon}{2}, \; x \in [a, b], \tag 9$

we may find some $q(x) \in \Bbb Q[x]$ such that

$\vert p(x) - q(x) \vert < \dfrac{\epsilon}{2}, \tag{10}$

and combining (9) and (10) we have

$\vert f(x) - q(x) \vert = \vert f(x) - p(x) + p(x) - q(x) \vert$ $\le \vert f(x) - p(x) \vert + \vert p(x) - q(x) \vert < 2 \dfrac{\epsilon}{2} = \epsilon, \; x \in [a, b], \tag{11}$

or

$\Vert f(x) - q(x) \Vert < \epsilon. \tag{12}$

Yes this is true. We know that we can approximate $f$ arbitrarily closely by a polynomial $p = \sum_k a_k x^k$ with real coefficients. Let $q = \sum_k c_kx^k$ be a polynomial with rational coefficients. Then for any $x \in [a,b]$ $$ |p(x)-q(x)| \leq \sum_{k=1}^n |a_k-c_k||x^k| \leq \sum_{k=1}^n |a_k-c_k| b^k $$ By density of rationals, we can make $|a_k-c_k| < \frac{\epsilon}{nb^k}$.