Can you use Google Apps Script with Python?

It is now possible to make requests to Google Apps Script from Python via the new Execution API, which uses a REST interface. Related blog post announcement. Learning some JS is still required.

No, Google Apps Script is its own programming language. There are a number of APIs for individual Google Apps, but they are not as comprehensive as what is provided via Google Apps Script. They're generally focused on providing access to the data, and might be suitable if you don't need to edit it.