Changing Between Thermodynamic Ensembles

Given a two-variable function $f(x,y)$ and its Legendre transform $g(x,f_y) = f - yf_y$ , there exists a simple identity between second-order partial derivatives of $f$ and $g$:

\begin{equation} g_{xx} - f_{xx} = - \frac{f_{xy}^2}{f_{yy}} = \frac{g_{x f_y}^2}{g_{f_y f_y}}. \end{equation}

Taking $f$ to be the Helmholtz free energy $F(T, V, N)$, and $g$ to be the Landau free energy $\Omega(T, V, \mu) = F - \mu N$ (Legendre transform of $F$ w.r.t. $N$), one obtains \begin{equation} \Omega_{VV} - F_{VV} = - \frac{F_{VN}^2}{F_{NN}} = \frac{\Omega_{V\mu}^2}{\Omega_{\mu\mu}}, \end{equation} from which an expression for the difference of the following two quantities can be derived: \begin{equation} \kappa_{NVT}^{-1} := -V \left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial V}\right)_{N,T} = V F_{VV}, \end{equation} \begin{equation} \kappa_{\mu VT}^{-1} := -V \left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial V}\right)_{\mu,T} = V \Omega_{VV}. \end{equation}

(Although OP considered $\kappa$ in the $NPT$ ensemble, the $NVT$ ensemble leads to the same quantity as well.)

Also, by setting $f = F(T,V,N)$, $g = G(T,P,N)$ (i.e., Gibbs free energy), $x = T$, $y = V$, and $f_y = -P$, one can derive the relation \begin{equation} C_P - C_V = T(-G_{TT} + F_{TT}) = \frac{VT\alpha^2}{\kappa}, \end{equation} where $\alpha = \frac{1}{V}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_{P,N} = G_{PT}/V$ and $\kappa = - \frac{1}{V}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial P}\right)_{T,N} = - G_{PP}/V$.

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Proof of the identity:

Consider a twice-differentiable function $f(x,y)$ and its Legendre transform w.r.t. $y$:¹ \begin{equation} g(x,f_y) := f(x,y) - f_yy. \end{equation} (Here, it is implicitly assumed that $y$ is expressed as a function of $x$ and $f_y$.) Notice that \begin{equation} \tag{1} \label{a} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \bigg|_{f_y} = f_x + f_y \frac{\partial y}{\partial x}\bigg|_{f_y} = f_x - f_y \frac{f_{xy}}{f_{yy}}, \end{equation} where the last equality holds due to the triple product rule. We then have \begin{equation} g_x = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \bigg|_{f_y} - f_y \frac{\partial y}{\partial x}\bigg|_{f_y} = f_x, \end{equation} from which it follows that \begin{equation} g_{xx} = \frac{\partial f_x}{\partial x} \bigg|_{f_y} = f_{xx} - \frac{f_{xy}^2}{f_{yy}}. \end{equation} Here, the last equality is simply Eq. (\ref{a}) with $f$ replaced by $f_x$. Noting that Legendre transformation of $g$ w.r.t. $f_y$ gives $f$, one can exchange the role of $f$ and $g$ on the above, which leads to \begin{equation} f_{xx} = g_{xx} - \frac{g_{xf_y}^2}{g_{f_yf_y}}. \end{equation}

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¹ $f$ must be either a convex or a concave function of $y$ for the Legendre transformation to be well-defined.