Check constraint only one of three columns is non-null

The following should do the trick:

CREATE TABLE MyTable (col1 FLOAT NULL, col2 NVARCHAR(30) NULL, col3 DATETIME NULL);
GO

ALTER TABLE MyTable
ADD CONSTRAINT CheckOnlyOneColumnIsNull
CHECK 
(
    ( CASE WHEN col1 IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END
    + CASE WHEN col2 IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END
    + CASE WHEN col3 IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END
    ) = 1
)
GO

You'll probably need to do three tests within the constraint, one test for each pair that you want to be null and one for the column that should be not null:

ALTER TABLE table
ADD CONSTRAINT CK_one_is_null
CHECK (
     (col1 IS NOT NULL AND col2 IS NULL AND col3 IS NULL)
  OR (col2 IS NOT NULL AND col1 IS NULL AND col3 IS NULL) 
  OR (col3 IS NOT NULL AND col1 IS NULL AND col2 IS NULL)
);

Here's a PostgreSQL solution using the built-in array functions:

ALTER TABLE your_table
ADD chk_only_one_is_not_null CHECK (array_length(array_remove(ARRAY[col1::text, col2::text, col3::text], NULL), 1) = 1);