Chrome tab font too small

Right click on your desktop and click Display Settings.

Then drag the slider to the right a bit until the text is to your liking.

I had this issue on my Macbook Pro's bootcamp partition.

As I can see in your screenshot, Chrome has switched to a different typeface (different from Segoe UI) to render the labels. So, I conclude you are affected by issue 531265, which is currently under investigation.