Chrome tab font too small
Right click on your desktop and click Display Settings.
Then drag the slider to the right a bit until the text is to your liking.
I had this issue on my Macbook Pro's bootcamp partition.
As I can see in your screenshot, Chrome has switched to a different typeface (different from Segoe UI) to render the labels. So, I conclude you are affected by issue 531265, which is currently under investigation.