Compare Directory Tree
Meld is a very good graphical diff tool (and more):
meld dir1 dir2 &
diff
can compare directory trees, too.
diff <dir1> <dir2>
Or if you don't want to see the files content differences:
diff -q <dir1> <dir2>
Some graphical tools available in Ubuntu repos: dirdiff, fldiff, kdiff3, meld, mgdiff.
A less technical approach would be to use gui synchronization software such as FreeFileSync (Visual folder comparison and synchronization)
There is a ppa at launchpad:
Put these lines in a terminal:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:freefilesync/ffs
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install freefilesync
I've successfully been using this tool for a few years now to back-up and/or sync folders on Windows and Ubuntu.
See this screenshot I set-up displaying what it would do in your situation: