Counting +1 primes

JavaScript ES6, 141 bytes 143 147 160

Saves 13 bytes, thanks to @Naouak

n=>[...t=n.toString(2)].map((l,i)=>t.slice(0,v=i+1)+1+t.slice(v)).filter((l,i,a)=>a.indexOf(l)==i&&(p=(n,c)=>n%c&&c>n-2||p(n,++c))('0b'+l,2))

Similar method to my TeaScript answer, uses RegExp (you heard me right) to check for primes.

Ungolfed

n=>
   [...t = n.toString(2)]                  // To binary
   .map((l,i)=>                            // Make cycles
               t.slice(0, v = i+1)
               + 1
               + t.slice(v)
   ).filter((l,i,a)=>  
                     a.indexOf(l) == i &&  // Remove Duplicates
                     (p=(n,c)=>            // Prime checking
                               n % c &&
                                 c > n - 2 ||
                                 p(n,++c)
                     )('0b'+l,2)
   ).length

Pyth, 20 bytes

s/LPd{mij\1c.BQ]d2hQ

Test Suite

s/LPd{mij\1c.BQ]d2hQ
                        Q = eval(input())
      m           hQ    For insertion position in [0 ... Q]
            .BQ         Convert Q to binary string
           c   ]d       Chop at insertion position
        j\1             Join on '1'
       i         2      Convert to integer
     {                  Deduplicate
 /LPd                   Map each number to the number of times it occurs in its
                        prime factorization, e.g. whether or not it is prime.
s                       Sum and print.

TeaScript, 22 bytes

x÷¿®x÷E(i¬,1)¤©d¡F(¥)n

TeaScript is starting to look like APL... The special characters are converted to longer, commonly repeated sequences

Online interpreter be sure to check "Inputs are numbers."

Explanation && Ungolfed

xT(2)s``m(#P(xT(2)E(i+1,1),2))d()F($P)n

xT(2)      // Take input, convert to binary
s``m(#     // Loop over input

  P(         // Convert to decimal...
     xT(2)     // Input to binary
     E(i+1,1)  // Inset 1 into (above) at current index in loop
  ,2)    

)d()       // Remove duplicates
F($P)      // Filter items that aren't prime
n          // Grab length.