(Ctrl + up/down)-style scrolling in Emacs

As mentioned, Emacs does not offer this functionality nowadays. It could be implemented, but nobody bothered to do so yet, AFAIK [EDIT: actually, it looks like I mis-rememebered, and Martin did implement such a thing, see https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-02/msg01892.html ]. The usual workaround is to place a mark with C-SPC C-SPC and then use C-u C-SPC when you want to return where you were.

Separation of cursor (point) and viewport (window) is common in modern GUI. Unfortunately the Emacs display engine does not allow this. It's not dogmatic, just technical. If you want to write this feature, I'm sure the development team will welcome it.

You do learn to live with it though.

It's interesting that you have so much success bending Emacs to your will. Personally, I find if I don't at least meet Emacs half-way, it gives me pain.

One of the great Emacs dogmas say that the cursor ("point" in Emacs-speak) always has to be visible, hence one cannot have the behavior you describe.