Debian ignores static IPv6 configuration
Finally I solved my problem through changing the order of my entries in my /etc/network/interfaces
file. Now it looks like that:
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 10.1.0.10/16
gateway 10.1.0.1
iface eth1 inet6 static
address fd01::10/64
gateway fd01::1
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
iface eth0 inet6 dhcp
If the static entries are configured first, everything works fine.