Default JavaFX-CSS
Here is the extracted caspian.css on pastebin - http://pastebin.com/0PebD9nR
Modena theme
With JavaFX 8 the default CSS is a new theme called Modena. See announcement with screenshots.
See the latest versions on the OpenJFX site at GitHub.
The modena.css for the build version Java8_91 can be found here:
https://gist.github.com/maxd/63691840fc372f22f470
If you search the css file in different JDK versions this is the way to go.
JDK below 10.0: $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext/jfxrt.jar --> com/sun/javafx/scene/control/skin/modena.
JDK for 10.0 and higher: $JAVA_HOME/jmods/javafx.controls.jmod --> classes/com/sun/javafx/scene/control/skin/modena.
The CSS file is located in javafxrt.jar at jfxrt.jar!/com/sun/javafx/scene/control/skin/caspian/caspian.css .
Unfortunately, there is no API access to the CSS styles of an element as of now, though that is apparently being discussed for JavaFX 2.2.