Define default constructor for record

To split hairs, you cannot ever define a default constructor, because a default constructor is generated by the compiler when there are no constructors defined, thus any defined constructor is by definition not a default one.

If you want a record to have a no-arg constructor, records do allow adding extra constructors or factory methods, as long as the "canonical constructor" that takes all of the record fields as arguments is called.

public record Record(int recordId) {
   public Record() {
      this(0); 
   }
}

Explicit constructor

In your case, you can explicitly specify a no-argument constructor with the delegation to the canonical constructor with a default value if you want to and this can be done as -

public Record(){
    this(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
}

In short, any non-canonical constructor should delegate to one, and that should hold true for the data-carrying nature of these representations.

Compact Constructor

On the other hand, note that the representation you had used in your code.

public Record {}

is termed as a "compact constructor" which represents a constructor accepting all arguments and that can also be used for validating the data provided as attributes of the record. A compact constructor is an alternate way of declaring the canonical constructor.