Determine whether .class file was compiled with debug info?

If you're on the command line, then javap -l will display LineNumberTable and LocalVariableTable if present:

peregrino:$ javac -d bin -g:none src/Relation.java 
peregrino:$ javap -classpath bin -l Relation 
public class Relation extends java.lang.Object{
public Relation();

peregrino:$ javac -d bin -g:lines src/Relation.java 
peregrino:$ javap -classpath bin -l Relation 
public class Relation extends java.lang.Object{
public Relation();
  LineNumberTable: 
   line 1: 0
   line 33: 4

peregrino:$ javac -d bin -g:vars src/Relation.java 
peregrino:$ javap -classpath bin -l Relation 
public class Relation extends java.lang.Object{
public Relation();

  LocalVariableTable: 
   Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
   0      5      0    this       LRelation;

javap -c will display the source file if present at the start of the decompilation:

peregrino:$ javac -d bin -g:none src/Relation.java 
peregrino:$ javap -classpath bin -l -c Relation | head
public class Relation extends java.lang.Object{
  ...

peregrino:$ javac -d bin -g:source src/Relation.java 
peregrino:$ javap -classpath bin -l -c Relation | head
Compiled from "Relation.java"
public class Relation extends java.lang.Object{
  ...

Programmatically, I'd look at ASM rather than writing yet another bytecode reader.

You must check the Code structure in the class file and look for LineNumberTable and LocalVariableTable attributes.

Tools like ASM or Apache Commons BCEL (Byte Code Engineering Library) will help: https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-bcel/apidocs/index.html?org/apache/bcel/classfile/LineNumberTable.html