Does Elm have a debugging function that can print an object to the console?

Unfortunately, no. All objects are converted to strings before they are sent to the console when you use Debug.log.

You can however create a function that would output the actual object using the Native layer however, this is an undocumented API and it is advisable to use it only as a last resort.

You can use Debug.log, for example:

import Html exposing (text)

f x = x * x

main =
  let
    dummy = Debug.log "dump tuple" (33, 55, f)
  in text "Hello, World!"