Does Rust have a way to apply a function/method to each element in an array or vector?

Rust has Iterator::map, so you can:

some_vec.iter().map(|x| /* do something here */)

However, Iterators are lazy so this won't do anything by itself. You can tack a .collect() onto the end to make a new vector with the new elements, if that's what you want:

let some_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
let doubled: Vec<_> = some_vec.iter().map(|x| x * 2).collect();
println!("{:?}", doubled);

The standard way to perform side effects is to use a for loop:

let some_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
for i in &some_vec {
    println!("{}", i);
}

If the side effect should modify the values in place, you can use an iterator of mutable references:

let mut some_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
for i in &mut some_vec {
    *i *= 2;
}
println!("{:?}", some_vec); // [2, 4, 6]

If you really want the functional style, you can use the .for_each() method:

let mut some_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
some_vec.iter_mut().for_each(|i| *i *= 2);
println!("{:?}", some_vec); // [2, 4, 6]

Since Rust 1.21, the std::iter::Iterator trait defines a for_each() combinator which can be used to apply an operation to each element in the collection. It is eager (not lazy), so collect() is not needed:

fn main() {
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    vec.iter_mut().for_each(|el| *el *= 2);
    println!("{:?}", vec);
}

The above code prints [2, 4, 6, 8, 10] to the console.

Rust playground