Does well-ordering of the proper class of cardinal numbers imply choice?

This is known as the trichotomy principle. If every two cardinals are comparable then the axiom of choice holds.

So in fact the axiom of choice is equivalent to the slightly weaker claim that the cardinals are linearly ordered.

To see this is true, let $A$ be a set, and let $\kappa$ be some ordinal such that $\kappa\nleq|A|$. Such ordinal exists and in fact we can ensure that $\mathcal{P(P(P(}A)))$ is strictly larger than such $\kappa$.

Since $\kappa\nleq|A|$ we have that $A$ can be injected into $\kappa$ and therefore be well-ordered. So the ordering principle holds, and therefore the axiom of choice holds.

This is known as Hartogs' theorem, and the least $\kappa$ cannot be injected into $A$ is known as the Hartogs number of $A$, often denoted as $\aleph(A)$.

What happens when the axiom of choice fails, then? What is the ordering of the cardinals? We do not know much. We do know how to produce models in which many partial orders can be embedded into the cardinals, but we don't know a whole lot more in $\sf ZF$.

To address the part of your question about determinacy, I will mention that there is a simple counterexample to trichotomy under $\mathsf{AD}$. Namely, $\mathbb{R}$ does not inject into $\omega_1$ and $\omega_1$ does not inject into $\mathbb{R}$. These statements both follow from the fact that under $\mathsf{AD}$ any well-ordered set of reals is countable.

For more information about the structure of cardinals under $\mathsf{AD}$ you may want to see the paper A trichotomy theorem in natural models of $\mathsf{AD^+}$. (Note that the trichotomy here is unrelated to that which was disproved in the above paragraph.)