Double dispatch in C#?

C# 4 introduces the pseudo type dynamic which resolves the function call at runtime (instead of compile time). (That is, the runtime type of the expression is used). Double- (or multi-dispatch) can be simplified to:

class C { }

static void Foo(C x) => Console.WriteLine(nameof(Foo));
static void Foo(object x) => Console.WriteLine(nameof(Object));

public static void Main(string[] args)
{
    object x = new C();

    Foo((dynamic)x); // prints: "Foo"
    Foo(x);          // prints: "Object"
}

Note also by using dynamic you prevent the static analyzer of the compiler to examine this part of the code. You should therefore carefully consider the use of dynamic.

The visitor pattern is a way of doing double-dispatch in an object-oriented way.

It's useful for when you want to choose which method to use for a given argument based on its type at runtime rather than compile time.

Double dispatch is a special case of multiple dispatch.

When you call a virtual method on an object, that's considered single-dispatch because which actual method is called depends on the type of the single object.

For double dispatch, both the object's type and the method sole argument's type is taken into account. This is like method overload resolution, except that the argument type is determined at runtime in double-dispatch instead of statically at compile-time.

In multiple-dispatch, a method can have multiple arguments passed to it and which implementation is used depends on each argument's type. The order that the types are evaluated depends on the language. In LISP, it checks each type from first to last.

Languages with multiple dispatch make use of generic functions, which are just function delcarations and aren't like generic methods, which use type parameters.

To do double-dispatch in C#, you can declare a method with a sole object argument and then specific methods with specific types:

using System.Linq;  

class DoubleDispatch
{ 
    public T Foo<T>(object arg)
    { 
        var method = from m in GetType().GetMethods()
                   where    m.Name == "Foo" 
                         && m.GetParameters().Length==1
                         && arg.GetType().IsAssignableFrom
                                           (m.GetParameters()[0].GetType())
                         && m.ReturnType == typeof(T)
                   select m;

        return (T) method.Single().Invoke(this,new object[]{arg});          
    }

    public int Foo(int arg) { /* ... */ }

    static void Test() 
    { 
        object x = 5;
        Foo<int>(x); //should call Foo(int) via Foo<T>(object).
    }
}       

The code posted by Mark isn't complete and what ever is there isn't working.

So tweaked and complete.

class DoubleDispatch
{
    public T Foo<T>(object arg)
    {
        var method = from m in GetType().GetMethods(System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Public | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic)
                     where m.Name == "Foo"
                           && m.GetParameters().Length == 1
                           //&& arg.GetType().IsAssignableFrom
                           //                  (m.GetParameters()[0].GetType())
                           &&Type.GetType(m.GetParameters()[0].ParameterType.FullName).IsAssignableFrom(arg.GetType())
                           && m.ReturnType == typeof(T)
                     select m;


        return (T)method.Single().Invoke(this, new object[] { arg });
    }

    public int Foo(int arg)
    {
        return 10;
    }

    public string Foo(string arg)
    {
        return 5.ToString();
    }

    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        object x = 5;
        DoubleDispatch dispatch = new DoubleDispatch();

        Console.WriteLine(dispatch.Foo<int>(x));


        Console.WriteLine(dispatch.Foo<string>(x.ToString()));

        Console.ReadLine();
    }
}

Thanks Mark and others for nice explanation on Double Dispatcher pattern.