Equation $x^{\frac{n+1}{n}}=x+1$

We may assume $n\geq 2$.
Of course $x^{\frac{n+1}{n}}=x+1$ has a unique positive solution, since $x^{\frac{n+1}{n}}$ is increasing and convex.
Let $x=z^n$. The problem boils down to solving $$ z^{n+1} = z^n+1 $$ and we may notice that $z^{n+1}-z^n-1$ is negative at $z=1$ and positive at $z=1+\frac{\log n}{n}$.
By applying Newton's method with starting point $z_0=1+\frac{\log n}{n}$ we may derive accurate approximations for the positive real root of $z^{n+1}+z^n-1$ and the asymptotic behaviour for the positive real root of $x^{\frac{n+1}{n}}=x+1$, which has to be close to $\frac{n}{\log n}$.

Raise to power $n$ both the sides.

You get $$x^{n+1}=(1+x)^n$$

Which, on further simplification, is a polynomial in $x$, with degree $n+1$.

Sadly, we don't have any general formula for solution of this polynomial, unless it's a quadratic or a cubic. (For quartic, the formula is too tedious)

Though, numerical approximations always have your back $\ddot \smile$