Find all records which have a count of an association greater than zero

joins uses an inner join by default so using Project.joins(:vacancies) will in effect only return projects that have an associated vacancy.

UPDATE:

As pointed out by @mackskatz in the comment, without a group clause, the code above will return duplicate projects for projects with more than one vacancies. To remove the duplicates, use

Project.joins(:vacancies).group('projects.id')

UPDATE:

As pointed out by @Tolsee, you can also use distinct.

Project.joins(:vacancies).distinct

As an example

[10] pry(main)> Comment.distinct.pluck :article_id
=> [43, 34, 45, 55, 17, 19, 1, 3, 4, 18, 44, 5, 13, 22, 16, 6, 53]
[11] pry(main)> _.size
=> 17
[12] pry(main)> Article.joins(:comments).size
=> 45
[13] pry(main)> Article.joins(:comments).distinct.size
=> 17
[14] pry(main)> Article.joins(:comments).distinct.to_sql
=> "SELECT DISTINCT \"articles\".* FROM \"articles\" INNER JOIN \"comments\" ON \"comments\".\"article_id\" = \"articles\".\"id\""

1) To get Projects with at least 1 vacancy:

Project.joins(:vacancies).group('projects.id')

2) To get Projects with more than 1 vacancy:

Project.joins(:vacancies).group('projects.id').having('count(project_id) > 1')

3) Or, if Vacancy model sets counter cache:

belongs_to :project, counter_cache: true

then this will work, too:

Project.where('vacancies_count > ?', 1)

Inflection rule for vacancy may need to be specified manually?