foreign key tsql code example

Example 1: foreign key in sql

A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together.
A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY KEY in another table.
The table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the table containing the candidate key is called the referenced or parent table.

Example:
# creating table users
CREATE TABLE users(
	user_id INT NOT NULL,
  	user_name VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
  	user_pass VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
  	PRIMARY KEY(user_id);
);
# adding user data
INSERT INTO users VALUES(1,"Raj","raj@123");

# creating table orders
CREATE TABLE orders(
	order_id INT NOT NULL,
  	order_description VARCHAR(255),
  	orderer_id INT NOT NULL,
  	PRIMARY KEY(order_id),
  	FOREIGN KEY (orderer_id) REFERENCES users(user_id)
);
# adding order data
INSERT INTO orders VALUES(1,"Daily groceries",1);

Example 2: foreign key mssql

CREATE TABLE Sales.TempSalesReason 
   (
      TempID int NOT NULL, Name nvarchar(50)
      , CONSTRAINT PK_TempSales PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED (TempID)
      , CONSTRAINT FK_TempSales_SalesReason FOREIGN KEY (TempID)
        REFERENCES Sales.SalesReason (SalesReasonID)
        ON DELETE CASCADE
        ON UPDATE CASCADE
   )
;

Example 3: MySQL Foreign Key

Here is the basic syntax of defining a foreign key constraint in the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement:

[CONSTRAINT constraint_name]
FOREIGN KEY [foreign_key_name] (column_name, ...)
REFERENCES parent_table(colunm_name,...)
[ON DELETE reference_option]
[ON UPDATE reference_option]
In this syntax:

First, specify the name of foreign key constraint that you want to create after the CONSTRAINT keyword. If you omit the constraint name, MySQL automatically generates a name for the foreign key constraint.

Second, specify a list of comma-separated foreign key columns after the FOREIGN KEY keywords. The foreign key name is also optional and is generated automatically if you skip it.

Third, specify the parent table followed by a list of comma-separated columns to which the foreign key columns reference.

Finally, specify how foreign key maintains the referential integrity between the child and parent tables by using the ON DELETE and ON UPDATE clauses.  The reference_option determines action which MySQL will take when values in the parent key columns are deleted (ON DELETE) or updated (ON UPDATE).

MySQL has five reference options: CASCADE, SET NULL, NO ACTION, RESTRICT, and SET DEFAULT.

CASCADE: if a row from the parent table is deleted or updated, the values of the matching rows in the child table automatically deleted or updated.
SET NULL:  if a row from the parent table is deleted or updated, the values of the foreign key column (or columns) in the child table are set to NULL.
RESTRICT:  if a row from the parent table has a matching row in the child table, MySQL rejects deleting or updating rows in the parent table.
NO ACTION: is the same as RESTRICT.
SET DEFAULT: is recognized by the MySQL parser. However, this action is rejected by both InnoDB and NDB tables.
In fact, MySQL fully supports three actions: RESTRICT, CASCADE and SET NULL.

If you don’t specify the ON DELETE and ON UPDATE clause, the default action is RESTRICT.

MySQL FOREIGN KEY examples
Let’s create a new database called fkdemo for the demonstration.

CREATE DATABASE fkdemo;

USE fkdemo;
RESTRICT & NO ACTION actions
Inside the fkdemo database, create two tables categories and products:

CREATE TABLE categories(
    categoryId INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    categoryName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=INNODB;

CREATE TABLE products(
    productId INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    productName varchar(100) not null,
    categoryId INT,
    CONSTRAINT fk_category
    FOREIGN KEY (categoryId) 
        REFERENCES categories(categoryId)
) ENGINE=INNODB;
The categoryId in the products table is the foreign key column that refers to the categoryId column in the  categories table.

Because we don’t specify any ON UPDATE and ON DELETE clauses, the default action is RESTRICT for both update and delete operation.