Function call not ambiguous if {} is used

Why is {} implicitly converted to int?

This is copy-list-initialization, as the effect the parameter is value-initialized (zero-initialized) as 0. int could be initialized from (empty) braced-init-list, just as int i{}; or int i = {};.

7. in a function call expression, with braced-init-list used as an argument and list-initialization initializes the function parameter

For f(std::vector<int>) and f(std::deque<int>) to be called, a user-defined conversion (by the constructor of std::vector and std::deque taking std::initializer_list) is required; then the 1st overload wins in overload resolution.