function gets called several times

you can change the components changeDetectionStrategy to onPush. after that, your calculateFunction function does not call several times.

to do that :

in your component:

@Component({
 selector: 'app-root',
 templateUrl: './app.component.html',
 styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],
 changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush // this line
})

export class AppComponent {

  ....

  calculateFunction(value) {
    console.log('calculate...');
    return ...;
  }
}

and in your app.component.html :

 <tr *ngFor="let data of dataList">
  <td>{{ data.no }}</td>
  <td>{{ data.name }}</td>
  <td>{{ calculateFunction(data.price) }}</td>
 </tr>

UPDATED

The best way to handle this scenario is to use Pipe, like the following :

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({
  name: 'handlePrice'
})
export class HandlePricePipe implements PipeTransform {
  transform(price: number): number {
    console.log('In Pipe ....');
    return price * 2;
  }
}

Then use that :

<tr *ngFor="let data of dataList">
   <td>{{ data.no }}</td>
   <td>{{ data.name }}</td>
   <td>{{ data.price |handlePrice }}</td>
</tr>

The caculateFunction(data.price) function will be called every time Angular runs change detection for the component (more precisely for the embedded view created by ngFor). This is because updating DOM is part of change detection and Angular needs to call caculateFunction to know what value to use for DOM update. And change detection cycle can run quite often. So if you have 3 items in the list and CD is triggered 3 times initially, you will see that the function is called 9 times.

If you inspect the updateRenderer function, you shoul see something along these lines:

function(_ck,_v) {
    var _co = _v.component;
    var currVal_0 = _co.calculateFunction(_v.context.$implicit);
    _ck(_v,3,0,currVal_0);
  }

Read more about how Angular updates DOM in The mechanics of DOM updates in Angular.

Should I worry about that for performance or just let angular2 do this?

If calculateFunction(data.price) returns the same result for the same price, it's better to calculate these values beforehand for each item and simply renderer them in the template.

<td>{{ data.no }}</td>
<td>{{ data.name }}</td>
<td>{{ data.calculatePrice) }}</t

In this way you will avoid performance decreasing function calls.