Generalization's of Greene's Theorem for the Robinson-Schensted correspondence
For RSK the answer is "well known". You can find the statements neatly arranged in an article by Christian Krattenthaler http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0510676.
I think the right framework for this question is Sergey Fomin's theory of dual graded graphs. However, I don't think there are many other insertion algorithms where the Greene-Kleitman invariant is known. One is the insertion algorithm for shifted tableaux, and another, easy one is the pair (BinTree, BinWord).
In fact, whenever you have such a Greene-Kleitman invariant and whenever this invariant behaves well with respect to "promotion", you are in a good position to get a result parallel to http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0604140. For the pair (BinTree, BinWord) this is indeed the case (and interesting), but I never managed to write it up due to time constraints...
For Edelman-Greene the story is slightly different I think. If I recall correctly you can say at least a little bit about the shape of the word by staring long enough at the article by Christian Stump and Luis Serrano http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.4690 or myself http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.3919.
EDIT:
The Kleitman Greene invariants for some insertion algorithms (for the standard case, i.e., where the words are permutations) are described in Sergey Fomin's paper "Schensted algorithms for dual graded graphs":
1) Theorem 4.4.4: Young-Fibonacci insertion (due to Tom Roby and Sergey Fomin, perhaps the invariant for Janvier Nzeutchap's algorithm is different).
2) Just below Proposition 4.5.2: Shifted insertion (attributed to Worley and Bruce Sagan, see Richard Stanley's answer for the description in the semistandard case due to Luis Serrano)
3) Proposition 4.6.2: (BinTree, BinWord)-insertion (independently due to Xavier Viennot)
I'd be interested in learning about Kleitman-Greene invariants for other insertion algorithms. In particular, is it known for domino insertion (as described by Marc van Leeuwen, see also this paper by Thomas Lam)
For shifted RSK, see Section 3.5 of the thesis of Luis Guillermo Serrano Herrera at http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/77864/lserrano_1.pdf;jsessionid=B5A8F5AD166B6960A30EE5E16394A963?sequence=1.