Get a single specific image from Wordpress Media Library

first get image

function get_images_from_media_library() {
    $args = array(
        'post_type' => 'attachment',
        'post_mime_type' =>'image',
        'post_status' => 'inherit',
        'posts_per_page' => 5,
        'orderby' => 'rand'
    );
    $query_images = new WP_Query( $args );
    $images = array();
    foreach ( $query_images->posts as $image) {
        $images[]= $image->guid;
    }
    return $images;
}

and display image

function display_images_from_media_library() {

    $imgs = get_images_from_media_library();
    $html = '<div id="media-gallery">';

    foreach($imgs as $img) {

        $html .= '<img src="' . $img . '" alt="" />';

    }

    $html .= '</div>';

    return $html;

}

and use php fire event

<?php echo display_images_from_media_library(); ?>

or use this function

<?php

if ( $attachments = get_children( array(
'post_type' => 'attachment',
'post_mime_type'=>'image',
'numberposts' => 1,
'post_status' => null,
'post_parent' => $post->ID
)));
foreach ($attachments as $attachment) {
echo wp_get_attachment_link( $attachment->ID, '' , true, false, 'Link to image attachment' );
}

?>

So many complicated and to my opinion wrong answers while the answer is very straight forward:

<?php
$url_to_my_attachment = "http://example.com/wp-content/uploads/image.png";

$attachment_id = attachment_url_to_postid($url_to_my_attachment);

print wp_get_attachment_image($attachment_id);

For more information have a look at wp_get_attachment_image

Note: this renders a "responsive image" where the alt attribute contains the alt data of the attachment. Thus this answer doesn't completely satisfy the OP's request which also demands to include the title, description and caption fields. See the accepted answer or other answers on how to include these other fields.

I presume you have an attachment ID? Have you tried using attachement functions?

From the codex:

Note that media items are also 'Posts' in their own right and can be displayed as such via the WordPress Template Hierarchy. Themes can make use of this to loop over media items or create galleries.

The following functions should get you started:

you can retrieve the image src using: wp_get_attachment_image_src()

$img= wp_get_attachment_image_src($attachmentID, $imageSizeName); 

you can get the image caption using: get_post_field()

get_post_field('post_excerpt', $attachmentID)

you can get the alt tag using: get_post_meta()

get_post_meta($attachmentID, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', true);

Please try to below code:

<?php
      $attachmentID = 1875;
      $imageSizeName = "thumbnail";
      $img = wp_get_attachment_image_src($attachmentID, $imageSizeName);
      //print_r($img);
?>

<img src="<?php echo $img[0]; ?>" alt="image">