Hex Dump your Source Code

Perl, 81 bytes

#!perl -l
$_=q($%+=print"00$%0: @{[unpack'(H2)*']}  $_"for"\$_=q($_);eval"=~/.{16}/g);eval

Counting the shebang as one. Having the code length be a multiple of 16 saves quite a bit on formatting. Using eval to reassign $_ to itself borrowed from ais523.

Output:

0000: 24 5f 3d 71 28 24 25 2b 3d 70 72 69 6e 74 22 30  $_=q($%+=print"0
0010: 30 24 25 30 3a 20 40 7b 5b 75 6e 70 61 63 6b 27  0$%0: @{[unpack'
0020: 28 48 32 29 2a 27 5d 7d 20 20 24 5f 22 66 6f 72  (H2)*']}  $_"for
0030: 22 5c 24 5f 3d 71 28 24 5f 29 3b 65 76 61 6c 22  "\$_=q($_);eval"
0040: 3d 7e 2f 2e 7b 31 36 7d 2f 67 29 3b 65 76 61 6c  =~/.{16}/g);eval

Try it online!

Perl + xxd + cut, 61 bytes

$_=q(open F,"|xxd -g1|cut -c5-";print F"\$_=q($_);eval");eval

Try it online!

This is a universal quine constructor in Perl + a call to xxd and cut to do the hexdumping. None of the programs in question have a builtin to do a hexdump in the format in the question; however, xxd -g1 comes very close and so it's possible to use cut to trim the output into the correct shape.

The universal quine constructor is $_=q("\$_=q($_);eval");eval, which creates a copy of its own source code in memory, and can be modified to perform arbitrary operations on it. In this case, I use open "|" and print to pipe the input into external programs, xxd which does the bulk of the hexdumping work and cut which changes it into the required format.

JavaScript (ES6) 229 219 162 bytes

Thanks to @Neil for saving a lot of bytes

Note

Quite a few people think accessing the source code of a function the way I do it is cheating, but according to @Dennis, it's fine. As such, I'll leave my answer here.

Code

f=_=>([...c=`f=`+f].map(d=>d.charCodeAt()[t=`toString`](16)).join‌​` `+` `.repeat(46)).match(/.{48}/g).map((s,i)=>`00${i[t](16)}0: `+s+c.substr(i*16,16)).join`\n`

Usage

f()

Simply call the function with no arguments.

Output

0000: 66 3d 5f 3d 3e 28 5b 2e 2e 2e 63 3d 60 66 3d 60 f=_=>([...c=`f=`
0010: 2b 66 5d 2e 6d 61 70 28 63 3d 3e 63 2e 63 68 61 +f].map(c=>c.cha
0020: 72 43 6f 64 65 41 74 28 29 5b 74 3d 60 74 6f 53 rCodeAt()[t=`toS
0030: 74 72 69 6e 67 60 5d 28 31 36 29 29 2e 6a 6f 69 tring`](16)).joi
0040: 6e 60 20 60 2b 60 20 60 2e 72 65 70 65 61 74 28 n` `+` `.repeat(
0050: 34 36 29 29 2e 6d 61 74 63 68 28 2f 2e 7b 34 38 46)).match(/.{48
0060: 7d 2f 67 29 2e 6d 61 70 28 28 73 2c 69 29 3d 3e }/g).map((s,i)=>
0070: 60 30 30 24 7b 69 5b 74 5d 28 31 36 29 7d 30 3a `00${i[t](16)}0:
0080: 20 60 2b 73 2b 63 2e 73 75 62 73 74 72 28 69 2a  `+s+c.substr(i*
0090: 31 36 2c 31 36 29 29 2e 6a 6f 69 6e 60 5c 6e 60 16,16)).join`\n`