How are dates stored in Oracle?

How are dates stored in Oracle?

The two data types 12 and 13 are for two different purposes.

  • Type 12 - Dates stored in table
  • Type 13 - Date returned by internal date functions like SYSDATE/CURRENT_DATE, also when converting a string literal into date using TO_DATE or ANSI Date literal DATE 'YYYY-MM-DD'.

Test cases:

Basic table setup for type 12:

SQL> CREATE TABLE t(col DATE);

Table created.

SQL> INSERT INTO t SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual;

1 row created.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

Check the different cases:

SQL> SELECT DUMP(col) FROM t;

DUMP(COL)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typ=12 Len=7: 120,116,3,17,18,6,55

SQL> SELECT DUMP(SYSDATE) FROM dual;

DUMP(SYSDATE)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typ=13 Len=8: 224,7,3,17,17,5,54,0

SQL> SELECT DUMP(CURRENT_DATE) FROM dual;

DUMP(CURRENT_DATE)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typ=13 Len=8: 224,7,3,17,17,14,20,0

SQL> SELECT DUMP(TO_DATE('17-DEC-1980 12:12:12','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS'))  FROM dual;

DUMP(TO_DATE('17-DEC-198012:12:12','
------------------------------------
Typ=13 Len=8: 188,7,12,17,12,12,12,0

Using ANSI Date literal, just like TO_DATE:

SQL> SELECT DUMP(DATE '2016-03-17') FROM dual;

DUMP(DATE'2016-03-17')
--------------------------------
Typ=13 Len=8: 224,7,3,17,0,0,0,0

SQL> INSERT INTO t SELECT to_date('17-DEC-1980 12:13:14','DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') FROM dual;

1 row created.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> SELECT DUMP(col) FROM t;

DUMP(COL)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typ=12 Len=7: 120,116,3,17,18,6,55
Typ=12 Len=7: 119,180,12,17,13,14,15

SQL>

As you can see, while storing a date in the table, it uses type 12. The second type 13 is used when converting a string literal into date using date functions or when date returned by internal date functions like SYSDATE/CURRENT_DATE.


From the manual at http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e26088/sql_elements001.htm#sthref151

For each DATE value, Oracle stores the following information: year, month, day, hour, minute, and second

So apparently it's not storing an epoch value which is also confirmed by this chapter of the manual:

The database stores dates internally as numbers. Dates are stored in fixed-length fields of 7 bytes each, corresponding to century, year, month, day, hour, minute, and second


There are two types 12 and 13

http://oraclesniplets.tumblr.com/post/1179958393/my-oracle-support-oracle-database-69028-1

Type 13

select dump(sysdate) from dual;
Typ=13 Len=8: 220,7,11,26,16,41,9,0

The format of the date datatype is

Byte 1 - Base 256 year modifier : 220
2      - Base 256 year : 256 * 7 = 1792 + 220 = 2012
3      - Month : 11
4      - Day : 26
5      - Hours : 16
6      - Minutes : 41
7      - Seconds : 09
8      - Unused

2012-11-26 16:41:09

Type 12

select dump(begindate) from tab;
Typ=12 Len=7: 100,112,2,7,1,1,1

The format of the date datatype is

byte 1 - century (excess 100)  100 - 100 = 00
byte 2 - year (excess 100)  112 - 100 = 12
byte 3 - month = 2
byte 4 - day = 7
byte 5 - hour (excess 1) 1 - 1 = 0
byte 6 - minute (excess 1) 1 - 1 = 0
byte 7 - seconds (excess 1) 1 - 1 = 0

0012-02-07 00:00:00

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