How can I specify binary-only dependencies?

There are several ways to simulate what you want:

---

1) Turn the binaries to examples

Examples and tests are built with dev-dependencies, so you could move those dependencies into this section. The library won't depend on them.

# File structure
conformal/
    Cargo.toml
    src/
        lib.rs
    examples/        # <-- the `ucitest` is
        ucitest.rs   # <-- moved to here

# Cargo.toml

[dependencies]
kdtree = { path = "../kdtree" }
rand = "0.3"

[dev-dependencies]  # <-- move the examples-only dependencies here
serde = "1"
csv = "0.15"
crossbeam = "0.3"
num_cpus = "1"

[lib]
name = "conformal"

[[example]]         # <--- declare the executable
name = "ucitest"    # <--- as an example

To run the binary, use:

cargo run --example ucitest

---

2) Optional dependencies with required features

Dependencies can be made optional, so other crates that depend on your conformal library won't need to download them.

Starting from Rust 1.17, binaries can declare they require certain optional features to be turned on, effectively making those libraries "needed only for binaries".

# Cargo.toml

[dependencies]
kdtree = { path = "../kdtree" }
rand = "0.3"

serde = { version = "1", optional = true }          # <-- make 
csv = { version = "0.15", optional = true }         # <-- all of
crossbeam = { version = "0.3", optional = true }    # <-- them
num_cpus = { version = "1", optional = true }       # <-- optional

[lib]
name = "conformal"

[features]
build-binary = ["serde", "csv", "crossbeam", "num_cpus"]

[[bin]]         
name = "ucitest"    
required-features = ["build-binary"]     # <--

Note that you need to manually pass --features build-binary when building the binaries:

cargo run --features build-binary --bin ucitest

---

3) Make the binaries as its own package

You could do whatever dependency management you like when the library and the binary are separate packages.

# File structure
conformal/
    Cargo.toml
    src/
        lib.rs
    ucitest/          # <-- move ucitest
        Cargo.toml    # <-- into its own
        src/          # <-- package.
            main.rs 

# ucitest/Cargo.toml 

[dependencies]
conformal = { version = "0.1", path = "../" }   # <-- explicitly depend on the library
serde = "1"
csv = "0.15"
crossbeam = "0.3"
num_cpus = "1"

These days this is probably best solved with workspaces [1, 2].

The directory structure is as follows:

project-root
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── yourlibary
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   └── src
│       └── lib.rs
├── src
│   └── main.rs
└── target

The top-level Cargo.toml file:

[package]
name = "yourprogram"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["You <[email protected]>"]

[workspace]

[dependencies]
yourlibrary = { path = "yourlibrary" }

yourlibrary Cargo.toml file:

[package]
name = "yourlibrary"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["You <[email protected]>"]

[dependencies]

The Cargo.lock file as well as the target directory is at the project root directory and is shared by all the components in the workspace. Workspace components are inferred automatically from dependencies with locak path, but can be specified manually as well.

Each component with its Cargo.toml file can still be published separately on crates.io

This is not implemented yet in Cargo.