How can I turn off margin notes in a LaTeX article?

You can easily set the margins to a constant amount using the geometry package, e.g.:

\usepackage[top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1.25in,right=1.25in]{geometry}

See the documentation for more info.

\usepackage[nomarginpar, margin=.5in]{geometry}

Or without a package:

\marginparwidth 0pt
\marginparsep 0pt
\oddsidemargin \dimexpr .5in -1in
\textwidth \dimexpr \pdfpagewidth -2\oddsidemargin -2in

Remove margin notes
Set left margin to .5in

This step is tricky because oddsidemargin is not the length from the left edge, but the length from 1 inch from the left edge. So when you set it you have to subtract that inch.
Increase body width

Again, normally the body would be pagewidth - 2 * margin, but we need to account for the inch offset on both sides.

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