How can I use functools.singledispatch with instance methods?

Update: As of Python 3.8, functools.singledispatchmethod allows single dispatch on methods, classmethods, abstractmethods, and staticmethods.

For older Python versions, see the rest of this answer.

Looking at the source for singledispatch, we can see that the decorator returns a function wrapper(), which selects a function to call from those registered based on the type of args[0] ...

    def wrapper(*args, **kw):
        return dispatch(args[0].__class__)(*args, **kw)

... which is fine for a regular function, but not much use for an instance method, whose first argument is always going to be self.

We can, however, write a new decorator methdispatch, which relies on singledispatch to do the heavy lifting, but instead returns a wrapper function that selects which registered function to call based on the type of args[1]:

from functools import singledispatch, update_wrapper

def methdispatch(func):
    dispatcher = singledispatch(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kw):
        return dispatcher.dispatch(args[1].__class__)(*args, **kw)
    wrapper.register = dispatcher.register
    update_wrapper(wrapper, func)
    return wrapper

Here's a simple example of the decorator in use:

class Patchwork(object):

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        for k, v in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, k, v)

    @methdispatch
    def get(self, arg):
        return getattr(self, arg, None)

    @get.register(list)
    def _(self, arg):
        return [self.get(x) for x in arg]

Notice that both the decorated get() method and the method registered to list have an initial self argument as usual.

Testing the Patchwork class:

>>> pw = Patchwork(a=1, b=2, c=3)
>>> pw.get("b")
2
>>> pw.get(["a", "c"])
[1, 3]

A decorator is essentially a wrapper that takes the wrapped function as an argument and returns another function.

As stated in the accepted answer, singledispatch returns a wrapper that takes the first argument as registered type - self in instance methods.

As shown in that answer, in cases like this you can write another wrapper to monkey patch the decorator. But this kind of hacky fixes are not always the best option.

As with like any other function, you can call the wrapper and pass the arguments to it explicitly, which seems simpler, flatter and more readable to me if this kind of method overloading is only seldom made in a package.

from functools import singledispatch

class TestClass(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.test_method = singledispatch(self.test_method)
        self.test_method.register(int, self._test_method_int)
        self.test_method.register(list, self._test_method_list)

    def test_method(self, arg, verbose=False):
        if verbose:
            print("Let me just say,", end=" ")

        print(arg)

    def _test_method_int(self, arg):
        print("Strength in numbers, eh?", end=" ")
        print(arg)

    def _test_method_list(self, arg):
        print("Enumerate this:")

        for i, elem in enumerate(arg):
            print(i, elem)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    test = TestClass()
    test.test_method(55555)
    test.test_method([33, 22, 11])

There's another module, multipledispatch (not standard but included in Anaconda and without any non-standard dependencies) that, as the name already indicates and unlike singledispatch, allows multimethods.

In addition to Dispatcher objects, with singledispatch-compatible syntaxis, it provides a dispatch decorator which hides the creation and manipulation of these objects from the user.

The dispatch decorator uses the name of the function to select the appropriate Dispatcher object to which it adds the new signature/function. When it encounters a new function name it creates a new Dispatcher object and stores name/Dispatcher pair in a namespace for future reference.

For instance:

from types import LambdaType
from multipledispatch import dispatch

class TestClass(object):

    @dispatch(object)
    def test_method(self, arg, verbose=False):
        if verbose:
            print("Let me just say,", end=" ")

        print(arg)

    @dispatch(int, float)
    def test_method(self, arg, arg2):
        print("Strength in numbers, eh?", end=" ")
        print(arg + arg2)

    @dispatch((list, tuple), LambdaType, type)
    def test_method(self, arg, arg2, arg3):
        print("Enumerate this:")

        for i, elem in enumerate(arg):
            print(i, arg3(arg2(elem)))


if __name__ == '__main__':

    test = TestClass()
    test.test_method(55555, 9.5)
    test.test_method([33, 22, 11], lambda x: x*2, float)