How could I identify this thermistor

Looks like an 10kΩ NTC. Most NTC's aren't visibly branded, but the resistance at 25 degrees is the property that they are sold by.

Although chances are very slight that it is actually a Vishay part, this page lists a some datasheets for similar devices. Checking the datasheets for a similar part might give you a good feeling for how the device responds to temperature.

Knowing that it is a 10k NTC is still a bit inexact. At least another important characteristic should be mentioned, the beta value. You can have two different 10k thermistors with different beta values, and they will give you different readings. So this is an important parameter to know, at least if you need accuracy and not just some ballpark temperature.

You have already determined that it is a 10k NTC by measuring it at 25 degrees (or close to it). To determine the beta, you need to make another measurement at another specific temperature, this is usually 85 degrees or 50 degrees (though there are others too, these are probably the most common). Then use the formula/calculator on this page to get the beta. The beta that you calculate this way won't be exact, but manufacturers only use specific betas, so take take a list of existing standard betas (for example look at the parametric search options at digikey), and the closest standard beta to your measurement will be yours.

Some of the standard betas are so close to each other that you might only be able to narrow down your beta to 2 or 3 choices. Don't panic in this case, the reading difference between those is so small that your temperature error will be close to insignificant.