How do getters and setters change properties in Dart?

The getter and setter functions allow us to make the class appear to have a property, without a explicit property being declared (_doors in your case). The property value may be calculated from other properties.

The getters and setters allow us to execute arbitrary code when the property is get or set.

Omitting a setter makes the property immutable.

An abstract class may declare getters and setters without bodies as part of a required class interface.

Instance variables in Dart have implicit getters and setters. So for your example code, it will operate in exactly the same way, since all you have done is changed from an implicit getter and setter to an explicit getter and setter.

The value of explicit getters and setters is that you don't need to define both if you don't want. For instance we can change your example to only define a getter:

main() {
    Car car = new Car();
    print(car.doors);  // 4
    car.doors = 6; // Won't work since no doors setter is defined
}

class Car {
    int _doors = 4;
    int get doors => _doors;
}

Additionally, you can also add extra logic in a getter or setter that you don't get in an implicit getter or setter:

class Car {
    int _doors = 4;
    int get doors => _doors;
    set doors(int numberOfDoors) {
      if(numberOfDoors >= 2 && numberOfDoors <= 6) {
        _doors = numberOfDoors;
      }
    }
}