Apple - How do I "Get Info" from the command line?

mdls lists the metadata attributes of a given file. Try this:

mdls -name kMDItemWhereFroms filename

According to this article about command line tricks you can do the following:

sqlite3 ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV* 'select LSQuarantineDataURLString from LSQuarantineEvent' | grep YOURFILENAME

Just exchange YOURFILENAME with the file you want to check.