How do I intercept a method call in C#?

The simplest way to achieve that is probably to use PostSharp. It injects code inside your methods based on the attributes that you apply to it. It allows you to do exactly what you want.

Another option is to use the profiling API to inject code inside the method, but that is really hardcore.

You could achieve it with Interception feature of a DI container such as Castle Windsor. Indeed, it is possible to configure the container in such way that every classes that have a method decorated by a specific attribute would be intercepted.

Regarding point #3, OP asked for a solution without AOP framework. I assumed in the following answer that what should be avoided were Aspect, JointPoint, PointCut, etc. According to Interception documentation from CastleWindsor, none of those are required to accomplish what is asked.

Configure generic registration of an Interceptor, based on the presence of an attribute:

public class RequireInterception : IContributeComponentModelConstruction
{
    public void ProcessModel(IKernel kernel, ComponentModel model)
    {
        if (HasAMethodDecoratedByLoggingAttribute(model.Implementation))
        {
            model.Interceptors.Add(new InterceptorReference(typeof(ConsoleLoggingInterceptor)));
            model.Interceptors.Add(new InterceptorReference(typeof(NLogInterceptor)));
        }
    }

    private bool HasAMethodDecoratedByLoggingAttribute(Type implementation)
    {
        foreach (var memberInfo in implementation.GetMembers())
        {
            var attribute = memberInfo.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(LogAttribute)).FirstOrDefault() as LogAttribute;
            if (attribute != null)
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }
}

Add the created IContributeComponentModelConstruction to container

container.Kernel.ComponentModelBuilder.AddContributor(new RequireInterception());

And you can do whatever you want in the interceptor itself

public class ConsoleLoggingInterceptor : IInterceptor
{
    public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation)
    {
        Console.Writeline("Log before executing");
        invocation.Proceed();
        Console.Writeline("Log after executing");
    }
}

Add the logging attribute to your method to log

 public class Traced 
 {
     [Log]
     public void Method1(String name, Int32 value) { }

     [Log]
     public void Method2(Object object) { }
 }

Note that some handling of the attribute will be required if only some method of a class needs to be intercepted. By default, all public methods will be intercepted.

C# is not an AOP oriented language. It has some AOP features and you can emulate some others but making AOP with C# is painful.

I looked up for ways to do exactly what you wanted to do and I found no easy way to do it.

As I understand it, this is what you want to do:

[Log()]
public void Method1(String name, Int32 value);

and in order to do that you have two main options

1. Inherit your class from MarshalByRefObject or ContextBoundObject and define an attribute which inherits from IMessageSink. This article has a good example. You have to consider nontheless that using a MarshalByRefObject the performance will go down like hell, and I mean it, I'm talking about a 10x performance lost so think carefully before trying that.

2. The other option is to inject code directly. In runtime, meaning you'll have to use reflection to "read" every class, get its attributes and inject the appropiate call (and for that matter I think you couldn't use the Reflection.Emit method as I think Reflection.Emit wouldn't allow you to insert new code inside an already existing method). At design time this will mean creating an extension to the CLR compiler which I have honestly no idea on how it's done.

The final option is using an IoC framework. Maybe it's not the perfect solution as most IoC frameworks works by defining entry points which allow methods to be hooked but, depending on what you want to achive, that might be a fair aproximation.