How do I return the SQL data types from my query?

For SQL Server 2012 and above: If you place the query into a string then you can get the result set data types like so:

DECLARE @query nvarchar(max) = 'select 12.1 / 10.1 AS [Column1]';
EXEC sp_describe_first_result_set @query, null, 0;  

You could also insert the results (or top 10 results) into a temp table and get the columns from the temp table (as long as the column names are all different).

SELECT TOP 10 *
INTO #TempTable
FROM <DataSource>

Then use:

EXEC tempdb.dbo.sp_help N'#TempTable';

or

SELECT * 
FROM tempdb.sys.columns 
WHERE [object_id] = OBJECT_ID(N'tempdb..#TempTable');

Extrapolated from Aaron's answer here.

select * from information_schema.columns

could get you started.