How do you run a Linux Docker container on Windows Server 2016?

It seems you are not running on Windows Server, version 1709. Your Windows kernel version is

Kernel Version: 10.0 14393 (14393.2007.amd64fre.rs1_release.171231-1800)

while the kernel version of 1709 is

Kernel Version: 10.0 16299 (16299.15.amd64fre.rs3_release.170928-1534)

And 1709 is only offered as the Server Core installation. It doesn't have a desktop environment. So you won't be able to install Docker for Windows on it.

lcow feature is only available on 1709 according to https://blog.docker.com/2017/09/preview-linux-containers-on-windows/. So you will have to try this feature on 1709.

When it works on 1709, the docker info shows the following:

C:\Users\temp>docker info
Containers: 0
 Running: 0
 Paused: 0
 Stopped: 0
Images: 3
Server Version: master-dockerproject-2018-02-10
Storage Driver: windowsfilter (windows) lcow (linux)
 Windows:
 LCOW:
Logging Driver: json-file
Plugins:
 Volume: local
 Network: ics l2bridge l2tunnel nat null overlay transparent
 Log: awslogs etwlogs fluentd gelf json-file logentries splunk syslog
Swarm: inactive
Default Isolation: process
Kernel Version: 10.0 16299 (16299.15.amd64fre.rs3_release.170928-1534)
Operating System: Windows Server Datacenter
OSType: windows
Architecture: x86_64
CPUs: 4
Total Memory: 16GiB
Name: winsvr1709
ID: W4MK:WLAQ:3NCM:4TUT:CNKP:NPWC:B6TJ:VSC5:LKGU:LT4F:ZEAH:22X3
Docker Root Dir: C:\ProgramData\docker
Debug Mode (client): false
Debug Mode (server): false
Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
Labels:
Experimental: true
Insecure Registries:
 127.0.0.0/8
Live Restore Enabled: false

The post regarding how to run Linux containers on Windows Server: https://chunliu.me/2018/02/12/running-linux-containers-on-windows-server-2016/