How does one compute induced representations for modular representations?

Frobenius reciprocity for Brauer characters is a little more complicated (a lot more complicated if you don't have complete tables). You need the projective characters to compute the multiplicities. I don't use anything special about the character being induced, though sometimes you can leverage that information (especially if you don't have complete tables).

In GAP, this is easily done:

g:=CharacterTable("ON");
# Let g be the O'Nan simple group
chi:=Sum([1..10],i->Random(Irr(g mod 2)));;
# chi is a random reducible Brauer character
ipr:=Irr(g)*DecompositionMatrix(g mod 2);;
# ipr is the list of projective Brauer characters
vec:=MatScalarProducts(ipr,[InducedClassFunction(chi,g)])[1];
# vec is the multiplicity of each Brauer character in chi
chi = vec * Irr( g mod 2 );
# should be true: we have decomposed it correctly.

To get the decomposition matrix, you must not only have the Brauer table but also the ordinary table. You don't need much from the subgroup H, just a character to induce and the element fusion from H into G.

This is theorem 2.13 on page 25 of Navarro's textbook on Characters and Blocks of Finite Groups.

By projective, I mean in the module theory sense, an indecomposable direct summand of the regular representation, usually these are denoted Φ_i corresponding to a Brauer character φ_i. I don't mean representation into projective groups, like PGL.

You don't need Frobenius reciprocity: there's a formula for the character of an induced representation which is valid for both ordinary and Brauer characters (called "the Frobenius formula" on Wikipedia); thus, writing the induced character as a sum of irreducibles is just solving a system of linear equations. It's arguably easier for Brauer characters, since there are fewer equations to solve.