How many random elements before MD5 produces collisions?

S3 can have subdirectories. Just put a "/" in the key name, and you can access the files as if they were in separate directories. I use this to store user files in separate folders based on their user ID in S3.

For example: "mybucket/users/1234/somefile.jpg". It's not exactly the same as a directory in a file system, but the S3 API has some features that let it work almost the same. I can ask it to list all files that begin with "users/1234/" and it will show me all the files in that "directory".

Probability of just two hashes accidentally colliding is 1/2¹²⁸ which is 1 in 340 undecillion 282 decillion 366 nonillion 920 octillion 938 septillion 463 sextillion 463 quintillion 374 quadrillion 607 trillion 431 billion 768 million 211 thousand 456.

However if you keep all the hashes then the probability is a bit higher thanks to birthday paradox. To have a 50% chance of any hash colliding with any other hash you need 2⁶⁴ hashes. This means that to get a collision, on average, you'll need to hash 6 billion files per second for 100 years.